Archostemata
| Archostemata Temporal range:
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| Tenomerga mucida | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Archostemata Kolbe, 1908 |
| Families | |
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Crowsoniellidae | |
The Archostemata are the smallest suborder of beetles, consisting of 50 living species in five families and over 200 described fossil species.[1] They are an ancient lineage with a number of primitive characteristics. Antennae may be thread-shaped (filiform) or like a string of beads (moniliform). This suborder also contains the only beetles where both sexes are paedogenic, Micromalthus debilis. Modern archostematan beetles are considered rare, but were more diverse during the Mesozoic.
The term "Archostemata" is used more broadly by some authors to include both modern archostematans as well as stem-group beetles like "protocoleopterans", which some modern archostematans closely resemble to due to their plesiomorphic morphology.[2] Genetic research suggests that modern archostematans are a monophyletic group. Some genetic studies have recovered archostematans as the sister group of Myxophaga.[3]
A 2009 paper argued that the poor diversity of modern Archostemata, compared with the staggering evolutionary success of most other Coleoptera lineages, could be due to the lower efficiency of the thoracic locomotor apparatus, the absence of cryptonephric Malpighian tubules, and competition with other beetles more adapted to angiosperms.[4]
Taxonomy
[edit]There are five extant families.[5][6]
- Family Crowsoniellidae Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1983
- Family Cupedidae Laporte, 1838
- Family Micromalthidae Barber, 1913
- Family Ommatidae Sharp and Muir, 1912
- Family Jurodidae Ponomarenko, 1985
Phylogeny
[edit]A partial phylogeny of Archostemata and early coleopterans, based on palaeontological data, from Boudinot et al. 2022.[2]
| Coleoptera |
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According to Li et al. 2023;[1] archostematan families are in bold.
| Coleoptera |
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See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Li, Yan-Da; Tihelka, Erik; Yamamoto, Shûhei; Newton, Alfred F.; Xia, Fang-Yuan; Liu, Ye; Huang, Di-Ying; Cai, Chen-Yang (2023-08-22). "Mesozoic Notocupes revealed as the sister group of Cupedidae (Coleoptera: Archostemata)". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1015627. ISSN 2296-701X.
- ^ a b Boudinot, Brendon Elias; Yan, Evgeny Viktorovich; Prokop, Jakub; Luo, Xiao-Zhu; Beutel, Rolf Georg (28 July 2022). "Permian parallelisms: Reanalysis of †Tshekardocoleidae sheds light on the earliest evolution of the Coleoptera". Systematic Entomology. 48 (1): 69–96. doi:10.1111/syen.12562. ISSN 0307-6970. S2CID 251171914.
- ^ Hörnschemeyer, Thomas (July 2009). "The species-level phylogeny of archostematan beetles—where do Micromalthus debilis and Crowsoniella relicta belong?". Systematic Entomology. 34 (3): 533–558. Bibcode:2009SysEn..34..533H. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00476.x. S2CID 84795808.
- ^ Friedrich, Frank; Farrell, Brian D.; Beutel, Rolf G. (2009). "The thoracic morphology of Archostemata and the relationships of the extant suborders of Coleoptera (Hexapoda)". Cladistics. 25 (25): 1–37. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00233.x. PMID 34879618. Retrieved 31 July 2024. (Erratum: doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00257.x)
- ^ Patrice Bouchard; Yves Bousquet; Anthony E. Davies; Miguel A. Alonso-Zarazaga; John F. Lawrence; Chris H. C. Lyal; Alfred F. Newton; Chris A. M. Reid; Michael Schmitt; S. Adam Ślipiński; Andrew B. T. Smith (2011). "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)". ZooKeys (88): 1–972. Bibcode:2011ZooK...88....1B. doi:10.3897/zookeys.88.807. PMC 3088472. PMID 21594053.
- ^ Bouchard, P.; Bousquet, Y. (2020). "Additions and corrections to "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)"". ZooKeys (922): 65–139. Bibcode:2020ZooK..922...65B. doi:10.3897/zookeys.922.46367. PMC 7113323. PMID 32256157.
External links
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