Jeju Island
Nickname: Sammudo, Samdado ("Island of Three Lacks and Three Abundances") | |
|---|---|
 Satellite image of Jeju Island | |
 Map of Jeju Island | |
  Jeju Island | |
| Geography | |
| Location | East Asia |
| Coordinates | 33°23′N 126°32′E / 33.38°N 126.53°E |
| Archipelago | Jeju |
| Area | 1,826[1] km2 (705 sq mi) |
| Length | 73 km (45.4 mi) |
| Width | 31 km (19.3 mi) |
| Highest elevation | 1,950 m (6400 ft) |
| Highest point | Hallasan |
| Administration | |
South Korea | |
| Largest settlement | Jeju City (pop. 501,791) |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 678,324 (October 2022) |
| Pop. density | 316/km2 (818/sq mi) |
| Languages | Jeju, Korean |
| Ethnic groups | Jejuans, Korean |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 제주도 |
| Hanja | 濟州島 |
| Revised Romanization | Jejudo |
| McCune–Reischauer | Chejudo |
Jeju Island (Jeju/Korean: 제주도; Hanja: 濟州島; RR: Jejudo; IPA: [tɕeːdʑudo]) is South Korea's largest island, covering an area of 1,833.2 km2 (707.8 sq mi), which is 1.83% of the total area of the country.[2] Alongside outlying islands, it is part of Jeju Province and makes up the majority of the province.
The island lies in the Korea Strait, south of the Korean Peninsula, and South Jeolla Province. It is located 82.8 km (51.4 mi) off the nearest point on the peninsula.[3] Jeju is one of two special self-governing provinces in South Korea, meaning that the province is run by local politicians. The Jeju people are indigenous to the island, and it has been populated by modern humans since the early Neolithic period. The Jeju language is considered critically endangered by UNESCO. It is also one of the regions of Korea where Shamanism is most intact.[4]
Jeju Island has an oval shape of 73 km (45 mi) east–west and 31 km (19 mi) north–south, with a gentle slope around Hallasan Mountain in the center. The length of the main road is 181 km (112 mi) and the coastline is 258 km (160 mi). On the northern end of Jeju Island is Gimnyeong Beach, on the southern end Songak Mountain, the western end Suwol Peak, and the eastern end Seongsan Ilchulbong.
The island was formed by the eruption of an underwater volcano approximately 2 million years ago.[5] It contains a natural World Heritage Site, the Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes.[6] Jeju Island has a subtropical climate; even in winter, the temperature rarely falls below 0 °C (32 °F). Jeju is a popular holiday destination and a sizable portion of the economy relies on tourism and related economic activity.
Historical names
[edit]
Historically, the island has been called by many different names including:
- Doi (도이; 島夷; lit. Island barbarian)
- Dongyeongju (동영주; 東瀛州)
- Juho (주호; 州胡)
- Tammora (탐모라; 耽牟羅)
- Seomna (섭라; 涉羅)
- Tangna (탁나; 乇羅)
- Tamna (탐나; 耽羅)
- Quelpart,[7][8][9] Quelparte[10] or Quelpaert Island[11]
- Junweonhado (준원하도; 준원下島 meaning "southern part of peninsula")
- Taekseungnido (택승니도, meaning "the peaceful hot island in Joseon")
- Samdado (삼다도; 三多島) meaning "Island of Three Abundances")[12]
- Sammudo (삼무도; 三無島)
- Cheju (spelling until 7 July 2000)
Before the Japanese annexation in 1910, the island was usually known as Quelpart (Quelpaërt, Quelpaert) to Europeans;[13] during the occupation it was known by the Japanese name Saishū. The name Quelpart coming from the French language is attested in Dutch no later than 1648 and may have denoted the first Dutch ship to spot the island, the quelpaert de Brack around 1642, or rather some visual similarity of the island from some angle to this class of ships (a small dispatch vessel, also called a galiot).
The first European explorers to sight the island, the Portuguese, called it Ilha de Ladrones (Island of Thieves).[14]
The name "Fungma island" appeared in the "Atlas of China" of M. Martini who arrived in China as a missionary in 1655.[15]
History
[edit]Jeju Island has been inhabited by modern humans since the early Neolithic period. There is no discovered historical record of the founding or early history of Tamna. One legend tells that the three divine founders of the country—Go (고), Yang (양), and Bu (부)—emerged from three holes in the ground in the 24th century BC. These holes, known as the Samseonghyeol (삼성혈), are still preserved in Jeju City.[16][17] Until 938 AD, the island was an independent kingdom called Tamna (which means 'island country') when it became a vassal state of Korea under the Goryeo dynasty. In April 1330, in the midst of political purges of the Yuan dynasty, Toghon Temür had been sent in Exile on this remote island, which was then part of the vassal Korean Goguryeo.[18] In 1404, Taejong of Joseon placed the island under firm central control and brought the Tamna kingdom to an end.
From April 1948 to May 1949, it was the site of the Jeju uprising, during which around 30,000 people were killed and 40,000 fled to Japan. The Workers' Party of South Korea (WPSK) launched an insurgency against the government in April 1948 which was brutally repressed by the US-backed South Korean regime of Syngman Rhee. In 2003, the National Committee for Investigation of the Truth about the Jeju 3 April Incident described the event as a genocide. The commission verified 14,373 people killed during the uprising, 86% by security forces and 14% by rebels. The commission estimated the total death toll at around 30,000.[19] Other sources have estimated higher at 80,000 to 100,000 killed.[20][21] The act of mentioning the uprising was punishable by beatings, torture, and harsh prison sentences by the South Korea government until the mid-1990s, after which the South Korean government finally admitted that the Jeju uprising had occurred.[22]
Landscape
[edit]Jeju is a volcanic island, dominated by Hallasan: a volcano 1,947 metres (6,388 ft) high and the highest mountain in South Korea. The island measures approximately 73 kilometres (45 mi) across, east to west, and 41 kilometres (25 mi) from north to south.[23] The island also has around 360 oreum: small extinct volcanoes or parasitic cones.[24] Many of these are now popular tourist attractions, such as Geomunoreum,[25] Yongnuni Oreum,[26] and Geum Oreum.[27]
The island formed by volcanic eruptions approximately two million years ago, during the Pleistocene epoch.[28] The island consists chiefly of basalt and lava.
An area covering about 12% (224 square kilometres or 86 square miles) of Jeju Island is called gotjawal, a local term for forests.[29] This area remained uncultivated until the 21st century, as its base of 'a'a lava made it difficult to develop for agriculture. Because this forest remained pristine for so long, it has a unique ecology.[30]
The forest is the main source of groundwater and thus the main water source for the half million people of the island, because rainwater penetrates directly into the aquifer through the cracks of the 'a'a lava under the forest. Gotjawal forest is considered an internationally important wetland under the Ramsar Convention by some researchers[31] because it is the habitat of unique species of plants and is the main source of water for the residents, although to date it has not been declared a Ramsar site.[32]
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Baengnokdam in Hallasan -
Mountains in Jeju -
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Seopjikoji (섭지코지) -
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Detailed map of Jeju Island
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Formation
[edit]- About 2 million years ago, the island of Jeju was formed through volcanic activity.[28]
- About 1.2 million years ago, a magma chamber formed under the sea floor and began to erupt.
- About 700 thousand years ago, the island had been formed through volcanic activity. Volcanic activity then stopped for approximately 100 thousand years.
- About 300 thousand years ago, volcanic activity restarted along the coastline.
- About 100 thousand years ago, volcanic activity formed Hallasan Mountain.
- About 25 thousand years ago, lateral eruptions around Hallasan Mountain left multiple oreum (smaller 'parasitic' cones on the flanks of the primary cone).
- Volcanic activity stopped and prolonged weathering and erosion helped shape the island.[33]
Climate
[edit]Most of Jeju Island has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification). Four distinct seasons are experienced in Jeju: winters are cool with moderate rainfall, while summers are hot and humid with very high rainfall.
Jeju City, the northern part of the island, tends to be colder in winter than the southern part due to the influence of continental seasonal winds. Gosan-ri, located on the west side of the island, has the lowest annual average precipitation on the island. However, unlike most parts of mainland Korea, the seasonal precipitation in Gosan-ri is evenly distributed. The Chuja Islands, which belong to Jeju City, are an archipelago located between mainland Korea and Jeju Island and also have a humid subtropical climate (Cfa).
| Climate data for Ildo 1-dong, Jeju City (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1923–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 23.6 (74.5) |
24.5 (76.1) |
28.1 (82.6) |
30.9 (87.6) |
33.1 (91.6) |
34.5 (94.1) |
37.5 (99.5) |
37.5 (99.5) |
35.1 (95.2) |
32.1 (89.8) |
26.7 (80.1) |
23.3 (73.9) |
37.5 (99.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.6 (47.5) |
9.9 (49.8) |
13.3 (55.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
22.1 (71.8) |
24.9 (76.8) |
29.3 (84.7) |
30.1 (86.2) |
26.1 (79.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
11.0 (51.8) |
19.3 (66.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
14.2 (57.6) |
18.3 (64.9) |
21.7 (71.1) |
26.2 (79.2) |
27.2 (81.0) |
23.3 (73.9) |
18.6 (65.5) |
13.3 (55.9) |
8.3 (46.9) |
16.2 (61.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.7 (38.7) |
4.0 (39.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
10.8 (51.4) |
15.0 (59.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
23.7 (74.7) |
24.8 (76.6) |
20.9 (69.6) |
15.7 (60.3) |
10.4 (50.7) |
5.6 (42.1) |
13.4 (56.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −5.8 (21.6) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
4.0 (39.2) |
9.2 (48.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
15.8 (60.4) |
9.8 (49.6) |
5.5 (41.9) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 67.5 (2.66) |
57.2 (2.25) |
90.6 (3.57) |
89.7 (3.53) |
95.6 (3.76) |
171.2 (6.74) |
210.2 (8.28) |
272.3 (10.72) |
227.8 (8.97) |
95.1 (3.74) |
69.5 (2.74) |
55.6 (2.19) |
1,502.3 (59.15) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 12.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 9.4 | 9.8 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 13.2 | 11.2 | 6.7 | 9.8 | 11.5 | 127.8 |
| Average snowy days | 7.2 | 4.2 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 5.3 | 18.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 64.0 | 63.3 | 63.2 | 64.8 | 68.4 | 77.9 | 78.3 | 76.2 | 73.7 | 66.4 | 65.0 | 64.1 | 68.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 70.2 | 110.0 | 166.0 | 196.5 | 212.2 | 159.7 | 189.8 | 195.1 | 158.9 | 173.3 | 123.7 | 79.1 | 1,834.5 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 22.2 | 34.0 | 42.8 | 49.8 | 49.2 | 39.7 | 44.7 | 47.2 | 43.5 | 50.7 | 40.2 | 27.4 | 41.7 |
| Source: Korea Meteorological Administration (percent sunshine 1981–2010)[34][35][36] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Gosan-ri, Hangyeong-myeon, Jeju City (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1988–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.8 (65.8) |
20.1 (68.2) |
21.4 (70.5) |
27.3 (81.1) |
27.5 (81.5) |
29.6 (85.3) |
34.3 (93.7) |
35.5 (95.9) |
32.5 (90.5) |
30.3 (86.5) |
26.8 (80.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
35.5 (95.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.4 (47.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
12.5 (54.5) |
16.7 (62.1) |
20.4 (68.7) |
23.7 (74.7) |
27.4 (81.3) |
29.3 (84.7) |
26.1 (79.0) |
21.4 (70.5) |
16.4 (61.5) |
11.0 (51.8) |
18.6 (65.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) |
6.6 (43.9) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13.4 (56.1) |
17.1 (62.8) |
20.7 (69.3) |
24.9 (76.8) |
26.4 (79.5) |
23.0 (73.4) |
18.5 (65.3) |
13.5 (56.3) |
8.5 (47.3) |
15.7 (60.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.8 (38.8) |
4.1 (39.4) |
6.5 (43.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
14.3 (57.7) |
18.4 (65.1) |
22.9 (73.2) |
24.1 (75.4) |
20.6 (69.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
10.9 (51.6) |
5.9 (42.6) |
13.2 (55.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −6.2 (20.8) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
3.3 (37.9) |
9.2 (48.6) |
12.7 (54.9) |
16.8 (62.2) |
17.1 (62.8) |
14.8 (58.6) |
7.3 (45.1) |
0.8 (33.4) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 40.6 (1.60) |
47.8 (1.88) |
76.2 (3.00) |
94.7 (3.73) |
117.7 (4.63) |
158.1 (6.22) |
167.7 (6.60) |
201.9 (7.95) |
120.4 (4.74) |
56.9 (2.24) |
60.2 (2.37) |
40.7 (1.60) |
1,182.9 (46.57) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 10.6 | 9.0 | 10.2 | 9.0 | 9.6 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 13.1 | 9.6 | 6.3 | 8.6 | 10.4 | 119 |
| Average snowy days | 5.9 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 4.0 | 14.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 66.9 | 68.0 | 69.9 | 74.2 | 80.2 | 86.2 | 89.2 | 83.9 | 77.8 | 69.7 | 67.9 | 66.5 | 75.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 95.4 | 131.0 | 175.4 | 196.3 | 205.3 | 156.0 | 172.6 | 219.7 | 187.4 | 206.6 | 150.7 | 106.3 | 2,002.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 28.7 | 40.7 | 45.0 | 50.3 | 46.9 | 36.8 | 40.4 | 52.0 | 50.5 | 58.8 | 48.9 | 34.9 | 44.7 |
| Source: Korea Meteorological Administration (snow and percent sunshine 1981–2010)[34][35][36] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Chuja Islands, Jeju City (1993–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.5 (52.7) |
15.6 (60.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
22.8 (73.0) |
26.8 (80.2) |
28.9 (84.0) |
25.5 (77.9) |
21.0 (69.8) |
15.3 (59.5) |
9.7 (49.5) |
17.7 (63.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) |
5.7 (42.3) |
8.6 (47.5) |
12.5 (54.5) |
16.3 (61.3) |
19.9 (67.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
26.2 (79.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
18.4 (65.1) |
12.8 (55.0) |
7.5 (45.5) |
15.0 (59.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
6.0 (42.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
22.2 (72.0) |
24.2 (75.6) |
21.1 (70.0) |
16.4 (61.5) |
10.6 (51.1) |
5.1 (41.2) |
12.8 (55.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 27.2 (1.07) |
40.3 (1.59) |
73.0 (2.87) |
79.6 (3.13) |
92.5 (3.64) |
152.7 (6.01) |
190.3 (7.49) |
201.8 (7.94) |
132.9 (5.23) |
57.9 (2.28) |
46.6 (1.83) |
32.9 (1.30) |
1,127.7 (44.40) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 5.9 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 8.8 | 9.1 | 8.5 | 6.9 | 4.6 | 5.9 | 7.4 | 85.1 |
| Source: Korea Meteorological Administration[34] | |||||||||||||
Seogwipo, the southern part of the island, is relatively warmer in winter than Jeju City because Hallasan in the middle of the island blocks continental seasonal winds. Downtown Seogwipo has the highest average temperature in January in Korea, even compared to mainland Korea. Seongsan-eup, on the southeastern side of the island, is directly affected by both the East Asian monsoon and the Tsushima Current, so annual precipitation is very high. Seogwipo is one of the regions with the highest annual precipitation in Korea.
| Climate data for Jeongbang-dong, Seogwipo (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.7 (69.3) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.8 (74.8) |
28.5 (83.3) |
30.4 (86.7) |
31.5 (88.7) |
35.8 (96.4) |
35.9 (96.6) |
34.8 (94.6) |
30.9 (87.6) |
28.0 (82.4) |
21.9 (71.4) |
35.9 (96.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.8 (51.4) |
11.8 (53.2) |
14.7 (58.5) |
18.6 (65.5) |
22.3 (72.1) |
24.7 (76.5) |
28.3 (82.9) |
30.1 (86.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
23.5 (74.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
13.1 (55.6) |
20.3 (68.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
8.2 (46.8) |
11.0 (51.8) |
15.0 (59.0) |
18.8 (65.8) |
21.8 (71.2) |
25.7 (78.3) |
27.2 (81.0) |
24.1 (75.4) |
19.6 (67.3) |
14.6 (58.3) |
9.4 (48.9) |
16.9 (62.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) |
4.8 (40.6) |
7.5 (45.5) |
11.6 (52.9) |
15.8 (60.4) |
19.5 (67.1) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.9 (76.8) |
21.5 (70.7) |
16.4 (61.5) |
11.2 (52.2) |
6.2 (43.2) |
13.9 (57.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −6.4 (20.5) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
0.2 (32.4) |
7.2 (45.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
14.8 (58.6) |
16.8 (62.2) |
12.2 (54.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
−6.4 (20.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 60.7 (2.39) |
77.9 (3.07) |
130.3 (5.13) |
187.0 (7.36) |
223.6 (8.80) |
267.6 (10.54) |
275.8 (10.86) |
315.7 (12.43) |
208.8 (8.22) |
100.4 (3.95) |
86.2 (3.39) |
55.6 (2.19) |
1,989.6 (78.33) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.8 | 9.6 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 10.7 | 12.8 | 13.8 | 14.3 | 10.9 | 5.8 | 8.1 | 8.9 | 125.3 |
| Average snowy days | 3.8 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 10.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 63.0 | 62.5 | 62.4 | 65.2 | 70.6 | 80.7 | 86.1 | 80.9 | 73.6 | 64.8 | 64.7 | 63.2 | 69.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 153.5 | 157.4 | 185.8 | 196.5 | 203.5 | 136.3 | 144.8 | 187.7 | 174.7 | 208.8 | 166.8 | 158.8 | 2,074.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 48.0 | 49.2 | 46.9 | 48.9 | 46.3 | 33.6 | 32.5 | 44.5 | 47.4 | 58.8 | 54.3 | 52.1 | 46.2 |
| Source: Korea Meteorological Administration (percent sunshine 1981–2010)[34][35][36] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Seongsan-eup, Seogwipo (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.9 (69.6) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.7 (72.9) |
28.1 (82.6) |
30.6 (87.1) |
31.8 (89.2) |
36.2 (97.2) |
35.5 (95.9) |
33.3 (91.9) |
30.1 (86.2) |
25.7 (78.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
36.2 (97.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.9 (48.0) |
10.1 (50.2) |
13.6 (56.5) |
18.0 (64.4) |
21.9 (71.4) |
24.2 (75.6) |
28.1 (82.6) |
29.7 (85.5) |
26.5 (79.7) |
22.0 (71.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
11.2 (52.2) |
19.2 (66.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.4 (41.7) |
6.3 (43.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
13.8 (56.8) |
17.7 (63.9) |
20.9 (69.6) |
25.1 (77.2) |
26.5 (79.7) |
23.2 (73.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
12.7 (54.9) |
7.5 (45.5) |
15.6 (60.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.1 (35.8) |
2.5 (36.5) |
5.2 (41.4) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13.7 (56.7) |
17.9 (64.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
23.9 (75.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
8.8 (47.8) |
3.9 (39.0) |
12.1 (53.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.0 (19.4) |
−6.4 (20.5) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
1.7 (35.1) |
8.2 (46.8) |
13.7 (56.7) |
16.2 (61.2) |
10.4 (50.7) |
3.2 (37.8) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 77.5 (3.05) |
83.2 (3.28) |
139.4 (5.49) |
161.3 (6.35) |
178.0 (7.01) |
231.9 (9.13) |
271.3 (10.68) |
343.2 (13.51) |
248.6 (9.79) |
114.0 (4.49) |
102.8 (4.05) |
78.8 (3.10) |
2,030 (79.92) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 11.0 | 9.8 | 10.4 | 9.4 | 9.8 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 13.3 | 10.8 | 6.3 | 9.0 | 10.1 | 125.4 |
| Average snowy days | 6.1 | 3.7 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 3.8 | 14.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 67.4 | 65.5 | 65.4 | 67.4 | 72.2 | 82.6 | 85.6 | 81.5 | 76.3 | 69.4 | 68.7 | 67.7 | 72.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 128.6 | 145.5 | 181.5 | 198.0 | 208.7 | 141.1 | 160.3 | 192.6 | 167.2 | 192.0 | 156.7 | 134.7 | 2,006.9 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 38.7 | 47.3 | 45.8 | 49.4 | 47.7 | 33.8 | 35.9 | 44.0 | 44.5 | 55.0 | 49.6 | 42.1 | 44.2 |
| Source: Korea Meteorological Administration (snow and percent sunshine 1981–2010)[34][35][36] | |||||||||||||
The climate of the highlands in the middle of the island where Hallasan is located is quite different from that of the rest of the island. As the altitude increases, the average temperature decreases and the climate becomes colder. The highlands of Jeju Island have the highest annual precipitation in Korea.
| Climate data for Seongpanak, Hallasan (elevation 760 m (2,490 ft), 1999–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) |
4.7 (40.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
14.5 (58.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
21.4 (70.5) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.7 (76.5) |
21.1 (70.0) |
16.6 (61.9) |
11.2 (52.2) |
5.2 (41.4) |
14.6 (58.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
4.9 (40.8) |
10.2 (50.4) |
14.7 (58.5) |
17.7 (63.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
21.6 (70.9) |
17.8 (64.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
7.4 (45.3) |
1.9 (35.4) |
10.9 (51.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.1 (26.4) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
0.9 (33.6) |
5.9 (42.6) |
10.6 (51.1) |
14.3 (57.7) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.9 (66.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
7.6 (45.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 137.1 (5.40) |
182.4 (7.18) |
258.8 (10.19) |
414.9 (16.33) |
465.9 (18.34) |
451.7 (17.78) |
583.9 (22.99) |
717.0 (28.23) |
581.1 (22.88) |
237.2 (9.34) |
197.5 (7.78) |
153.5 (6.04) |
4,381 (172.48) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.0 | 11.5 | 11.0 | 10.8 | 11.1 | 14.1 | 17.8 | 18.7 | 15.6 | 9.2 | 11.6 | 13.4 | 157.8 |
| Source: Korea Meteorological Administration[34] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Witse Oreum, Hallasan (elevation 1,673 m (5,489 ft), 2003–2009 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.6 (29.1) |
0.9 (33.6) |
3.4 (38.1) |
10.0 (50.0) |
14.9 (58.8) |
18.1 (64.6) |
20.3 (68.5) |
20.6 (69.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
13.2 (55.8) |
6.8 (44.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
10.4 (50.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −5.9 (21.4) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
5.2 (41.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
14.0 (57.2) |
17.4 (63.3) |
17.4 (63.3) |
14.2 (57.6) |
8.2 (46.8) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
6.4 (43.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −9.1 (15.6) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
0.7 (33.3) |
5.7 (42.3) |
10.4 (50.7) |
14.7 (58.5) |
14.5 (58.1) |
11.0 (51.8) |
4.3 (39.7) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
2.7 (36.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 46.9 (1.85) |
128.0 (5.04) |
301.2 (11.86) |
426.1 (16.78) |
653.1 (25.71) |
651.9 (25.67) |
742.3 (29.22) |
836.4 (32.93) |
526.7 (20.74) |
126.5 (4.98) |
165.8 (6.53) |
64.6 (2.54) |
4,669.4 (183.83) |
| Source: Jeju Regional Meteorological Administration[37] | |||||||||||||
In January 2016, a cold wave affected Jeju Island. Snow and frigid weather forced the cancellation of 1,200 flights on Jeju Island, stranding approximately 90,300 passengers.[38]
See also
[edit]- Jeju Black, indigenous cattle breed
- Jeju Black pig, indigenous pig breed
- Jeju horse, indigenous horse breed
- Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes
References
[edit]- ^ "Joshua Calder's World Island Info - Largest Islands of Selected Countries". Worldislandinfo.com. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
- ^ Woo, Kyung Sik; Sohn, Young Kwan; Yoon, Seok Hoon; Ahn, Ung San; Spate, Andy (1 July 2013). Jeju Island Geopark - A Volcanic Wonder of Korea. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-20564-4.
- ^ Landsat/Copernicus; Data SIO; NOAA; United States Navy; NGA; GEBCO; TMap Mobility; TerraMetrics (2022). "Korea Strait" (Map). Google Earth. Alphabet. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
- ^ Choi, Joon-sik (2006). Folk-Religion: The Customs in Korea. Ewha Womans University Press. Ewha Womans University Press. ISBN 978-8973006281.
- ^ "Jeju Island". Business Traveller. February 2011.
- ^ "Unesco names World Heritage sites". BBC News. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ Hulbert, H. B (1905). "The Island of Quelpart". Bulletin of the American Geographical Society. 37 (7): 396–408. doi:10.2307/198722. JSTOR 198722.
- ^ "Photographic image of map". Archived from the original (JPG) on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- ^ Hall, R. Burnett (1926). "Quelpart Island and Its People". Geographical Review. 16 (1): 60–72. Bibcode:1926GeoRv..16...60H. doi:10.2307/208503. JSTOR 208503.
- ^ Hulbert, Archer Butler (1902). "The Queen of Quelparte".
- ^ Sokol, A. E (1948). "The Name of Quelpaert Island". Isis. 38 (3/4): 231–235. doi:10.1086/348077. S2CID 144230819.
- ^ "Jeju Island Facts". Softschools.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ "The Island of Quelpart" (PDF). Fs.unm.edu.
- ^ Sokol, A. E. (February 1948). "The Name Of Quelpaert Island". Isis. 38 (3/4): 231–235. doi:10.1086/348077. S2CID 144230819. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ "The memory and traces of marine exchange:Jeju Island in eastern and western antique maps" (PDF). eastsea1994.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ "Jeju (Cheju) Island Travel Information: Samseonghyeol". Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ^ Sources of Korean tradition. 2: From the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries / ed by Yong-ho Ch'oe ... with the collaboration of Donald Baker ... and contributions by Martina Deuchler. New York Chichester: Columbia University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-231-10566-8.
- ^ Kyung Moon Hwang A History of Korea, London: Palgrave, 2010 p. 56.
- ^ The National Committee for the Investigation of the Truth about the Jeju 3 April Incident (15 December 2003). "The Jeju April 3 Incident Investigation Report" (PDF). Office of the Prime Minister, Republic of Korea. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
- ^ Cumings, Bruce (2010), "Rapprochement in Postwar History: Implications for North Korea", New Challenges of North Korean Foreign Policy, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 205–222, ISBN 978-1-349-28797-0, retrieved 26 September 2024
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (December 2010). "The Korean War, 1950–53: from maneuver to stalemate". Korean Journal of Defense Analysis. 22 (4): 421–433. doi:10.1080/10163271.2010.519926. ISSN 1016-3271.
- ^ Zelikow, Philip; Johnson, Chalmers (2000). "Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire". Foreign Affairs. 79 (5): 138. doi:10.2307/20049919. ISSN 0015-7120.
- ^ Map of Korea: Cheju Island Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine The People's Korea. Accessed 8 July 2012
- ^ 권, 동희, "오름", Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 13 July 2024
- ^ 권, 동희, "제주 선흘리 거문오름 (濟州 善屹里 거문오름)", Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 10 July 2024
- ^ 김, 태호, "용눈이오름 (龍눈이오름)", Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 11 July 2024
- ^ "Geumak (Geum) Oreum Volcanic Cone". www.visitjeju.net. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
- ^ a b Woo, Kyung; Sohn, Young; Ahn, Ung; Spate, Andy (January 2013), "Geology of Jeju Island", Jeju Island Geopark - A Volcanic Wonder of Korea, Geoparks of the World (closed), vol. 1, pp. 13–14, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20564-4_5, ISBN 978-3-642-20563-7
- ^ "RISS 통합검색 - 국내학술지논문 상세보기". Riss4u.net.
- ^ "RISS 통합검색 - 학위논문 상세보기". Riss4u.net.
- ^ Jang, Yong-chang and Chanwon Lee, 2009, "Gotjawal Forest as an internationally important wetland," Journal of Korean Wetlands Studies, 2009, Vol 1.
- ^ "Ramsar site list" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2007. Accessed June 2009
- ^ "제주특별자치도 자연환경생태정보시스템". nature.jeju.go.kr. Archived from the original on 12 July 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f "Climatological Normals of Korea (1991 ~ 2020)" (PDF) (in Korean). Korea Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
- ^ a b c d 순위값 - 구역별조회 (in Korean). Korea Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Climatological Normals of Korea" (PDF). Korea Meteorological Administration. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ "제주도상세기후특성집(2010) 윗세오름(871)" (PDF). Jeju Regional Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
- ^ Ap, Tiffany (25 January 2016). "Deaths, travel disruption as bitter cold grips Asia". CNN. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
External links
[edit]
- Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes World Heritage site on Google Arts and Culture
Geographic data related to Jeju Island at OpenStreetMap
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