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Alexa McDonough

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Alexa McDonough
OC ONS
McDonough in 2008
Leader of the New Democratic Party
In office
October 14, 1995 – January 25, 2003
Preceded byAudrey McLaughlin
Succeeded byJack Layton
Member of Parliament
for Halifax
In office
June 2, 1997 – October 14, 2008
Preceded byMary Clancy
Succeeded byMegan Leslie
Leader of the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party
In office
November 16, 1980 – November 19, 1994
Preceded byBuddy MacEachern
Succeeded byJohn Holm
Member of the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia
In office
May 25, 1993 – October 20, 1995
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byEileen O'Connell
ConstituencyHalifax Fairview
In office
October 6, 1981 – May 25, 1993
Preceded byWalter Fitzgerald
Succeeded byJay Abbass
ConstituencyHalifax Chebucto
Personal details
Born
Alexa Ann Shaw

(1944-08-11)August 11, 1944
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
DiedJanuary 15, 2022(2022-01-15) (aged 77)
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Political partyNew Democratic (from 1974)
Other political
affiliations		Liberal (1970–1974)
Spouse
Peter McDonough
​
​
(m. 1966; div. 1993)​
Domestic partnerDavid MacDonald (1997–2004)
Children2
Parents
Alma materDalhousie University (BA)
Profession

Alexa Ann McDonough OC ONS (née Shaw; August 11, 1944 – January 15, 2022) was a Canadian politician who became the first woman to lead a major, recognized political party in Nova Scotia, when she was elected the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party's (NSNDP) leader in 1980.

McDonough served as a member of the Nova Scotia Legislature from 1981 to 1994, representing the Halifax Chebucto and Halifax Fairview electoral districts. She stepped down as the NSNDP's leader and as a member of the legislature in 1994. She subsequently ran for, and was elected, leader of the federal New Democratic Party (NDP) in 1995. McDonough was elected the Member of Parliament (MP) for the federal electoral district of Halifax in 1997. She stepped down as party leader in 2003, but continued to serve as an MP for two more terms, until 2008, when she retired from politics altogether. In 2009, she became the interim president of Mount Saint Vincent University and was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in December of that year.

Early life and education

[edit]

McDonough was born Alexa Ann Shaw in Ottawa, Ontario, on August 11, 1944, at the Ottawa Civic Hospital.[1] Her parents were Jean MacKinnon and Lloyd Robert Shaw, a wealthy businessman who was committed to progressive politics.[2] He served as the first research director for the federal NDP's predecessor, the national Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF),[3] and was an early financial backer of the NDP when it formed in 1961.[2]

McDonough was involved in social activism from an early age, when, at 14, she led her church youth group in publicizing the conditions of Africville, a low-income, predominantly Black neighbourhood in Halifax.[2] She attended Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, which was her family's alma mater.[4] After two-years, she transferred to Dalhousie University in Halifax, where she completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology and psychology in 1965.[4] She became a social worker and, during the 1970 Nova Scotia general election, worked for Gerald Regan's Liberal Party, writing that party's social policy platform.[4] She quickly became disenchanted with Regan and the Liberals, and joined the New Democratic Party in 1974.[4]

Provincial leadership

[edit]

McDonough's first foray into electoral politics occurred during the 1979 and 1980 federal elections.[5] In both of those elections, she ran unsuccessfully in the federal riding of Halifax.[6] In the 1980 federal election, she lost to former Nova Scotia premier Gerald Regan,[6] the same politician that she once supported back in 1970.[7][8]

Just after the 1980 federal election, in the spring, Jeremy Akerman stepped down as the Nova Scotia NDP's leader. At this time, there was a growing rift between the Cape Breton Island and Mainland wings of the party.[9] This rift exploded in June, when Paul MacEwan, the NDP MLA for Cape Breton Nova, was expelled from the party due to his constant public airing of internal party disputes, including the implication that Akerman resigned due to "Trotskyist elements" from the mostly mainland-based provincial council.[10] To make this situation worse for an incoming leader, the NDP's four MLAs, all from Cape Breton constituencies, voted 3–1 to keep him in the caucus, with Len J. Arsenault – the MLA for Cape Breton North – being the only negative vote.[11] MacEwan's expulsion became one of the dominant issues during the leadership race that fall.[11]

In late September, Akerman was appointed to a top Nova Scotia civil service job that required him to both resign from the Legislature and terminate his membership in the NDP.[12] James 'Buddy' MacEachern, a leadership candidate, and MLA for Cape Breton Centre, was made the interim leader on October 2.[12]

Despite these internecine battles, and not having a seat in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, McDonough decided to enter the leadership race. The other candidate in the race to replace Akerman was Arsenault.[13] The leadership convention was convened in Halifax, with the leadership vote held on November 16, 1980.[13] McDonough received 237 votes, compared to Arsenault's 42 votes, and MacEachern's 41 votes, giving her a first ballot landslide victory.[13] As a result of her victory, she became the first woman in Canada to lead a major recognized political party.[5][14][15]

McDonough's first order of business was to settle the Paul MacEwan question. On December 9, 1980, she managed to get her former leadership rivals to vote MacEwan out of the caucus and party.[16] Since she did not have a seat in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, the party was left with just two seats, because MacEwan was now an independent, and Akerman's seat was left vacant due to his resignation. For almost a year, she would sit in the Assembly's visitors gallery until she could run for a seat in the 1981 Nova Scotia general election. McDonough's first provincial election as leader was fought in the Halifax Chebucto riding, where the Liberals and Conservatives were more or less evenly matched in terms of voter support, and the NDP was a distant third in the previous election.[17] McDonough won her seat, the first one for the NDP in Mainland Nova Scotia, but the NDP lost all of its Cape Breton Island seats in the process.[4][9][17] She spent the next three years as the only New Democrat, and the only woman in the House of Assembly.[18] She took on the "old boys' network", that permeated Nova Scotia's politics at the time, by attempting to dismantle the province's entrenched patronage system.[18]

McDonough was personally popular throughout Nova Scotia, consistently being the voters' top choice in leadership polls, but her popularity did not rub off on the party.[18] She led the party through three more elections, eventually building the caucus up to three members: all from the mainland, including future Nova Scotia NDP leader, Robert Chisholm.[18] After fourteen years as the Nova Scotia NDP leader, which at the time made her the longest-serving leader of a major political party, she stepped down on November 19, 1994.[19] John Holm, the NDP's Sackville-Cobequid MLA, took over as interim leader, until Chisholm was elected leader in 1996.[18][20]

Federal leadership

[edit]

As the fortunes of the Nova Scotia NDP were slowly rising during the mid-1990s, the same could not be said of its federal counterpart. The 1993 Canadian federal election was an unmitigated disaster for the NDP.[21] Under Audrey McLaughlin's leadership, the party suffered its worst defeat since the late 1950s, in terms of seats, when it was then called the CCF.[21] When looking at the popular vote, it was the worst ever election for a federal social-democratic party in the 20th century, with just seven percent of the vote.[21] The party only had nine seats, three short of the twelve seats needed to have official party status in the House of Commons, and all the extra funding, research, office space and Question Period privileges it accords.[21]

In the aftermath of the 1993 election, the party set about reforming its policies and purpose, with McLaughlin announcing on April 18, 1994, that she would step down as leader by 1996.[22] McLaughlin, faced with internal squabbles similar to those that occurred in the Nova Scotia party back in 1980, advanced her departure from the end of 1996 to the end of 1995.[23] With an internal party atmosphere that could best be described as toxic,[24] McDonough entered the leadership race in the spring of 1995. The conditions were similar to the ones she faced during her first leadership campaign in 1980: a divided party that was self-immolating.[24] However, the party was also hobbled by unpopular provincial NDP governments in Ontario and British Columbia. Indeed, the NDP had suffered particularly severe losses in those two provinces at the federal level in 1993, losing all of its Ontario MPs,[25] and all but two of its British Columbia MPs,[26] more than half of its caucus.[24]

Prior to the NDP leadership convention on October 14, 1995, McDonough was widely viewed as an also-ran behind the leading contenders, Svend Robinson and Lorne Nystrom, but at the convention she placed second on the first ballot, ahead of Nystrom in what was almost a three-way split.[27] Although Robinson had placed first on that ballot, he felt that most of Nystrom's supporters would go to McDonough on the second ballot, giving her the victory.[27] Thus, he conceded to McDonough before a second ballot could be held. On a motion by Robinson, the convention formally acclaimed McDonough as the party's new leader.[27] McDonough became the first person from Atlantic Canada to lead a major party since Robert Stanfield retired as the Progressive Conservatives' leader in 1976.[28] Unusually for a major-party leader, she did not have one of her MPs in a safe seat resign so she could get into Parliament via a by-election, opting instead to make a third bid for her home riding of Halifax in the next general election.[29]

In the 1997 election, her first as leader, the party won 21 seats. This included a historic breakthrough in the Atlantic provinces, a region where it had only won three seats in its entire history prior to 1997.[30] McDonough herself won Halifax by 11,000 votes, pushing Liberal incumbent Mary Clancy into third place.[6] She would continue to win it consecutively three more times until she retired from politics in 2008.[6][31]

During the next few years, McDonough's leadership of the party elicited controversy.[32] Union leaders were lukewarm in their support of her, often threatening to break away from the NDP, in particular the Canadian Auto Workers' president Buzz Hargrove.[33] She was widely seen within the NDP as trying to pull the party toward the centre of the political spectrum, in the Third Way mode of Tony Blair[34] although when she made her leader's speech at the party's August 1999 Ottawa policy convention, she attempted to distance herself from "Third Way" policies by stating: "We must lay out a new way for Canadians to navigate in the 21st century. Not an old way, not a 'third way', but a made-in-Canada way...."[35] A vote on a resolution to adopt Third Way policies in the party's platform formally was defeated, as many union leaders opposed it and McDonough's "Canadian Way".[36]

The Canadian Alliance and its new leader, Stockwell Day, presented a further challenge to McDonough's NDP. Fearful of the prospect of an Alliance government, many NDP supporters moved to the Liberals.[37] As well, two NDP MPs, Angela Vautour and Rick Laliberte,[38][39] crossed the floor to other party caucuses, reducing the NDP caucus to 19 seats.[39] In the 2000 federal election, the NDP was held to just 13 seats, and its 8.5 percent of the popular vote, was near its historic low from the 1993 campaign.[37] About the only solace the NDP and McDonough could take from the 2000 campaign was that they kept official party status in the House of Commons (if only barely),[29] unlike McLaughlin in the 1993 campaign.[25]

After the disappointing performance in the 2000 federal election, there were more calls for party renewal. Some party activists perceived that the NDP had moved to the centre of the political spectrum and wanted to change that by bringing in social/political activists outside of the parliamentary process. They called their movement the New Politics Initiative, or NPI.[40] Another group, called NDProgress, wanted to reform the party's internal structures, with procedural changes to how leaders were elected and limiting how much control Labour Unions had in the party.[40] The NPI proposal to create a new party from the ashes of the NDP, was opposed by McDonough, and by former NDP leader, Ed Broadbent.[41] The NPI resolution was voted down when it was presented at the party's November 2001 Winnipeg policy convention.[42] NDProgress's resolution to have a "one member one vote" election for party leader, with a provision to limit organized labour's allotment of ballots to a maximum of 25 percent, passed.[41] The 2001 Winnipeg convention was also where McDonough easily defeated a leadership challenge by Socialist Caucus member Marcel Hatch, who was also an NPI supporter.[43]

The issue that highlighted McDonough's federal leadership, occurred during the twilight of her career: the fight against Islamophobia and general anti-Arab sentiment, which swept through Canada and the United States in the wake of the 9/11 attacks in September 2001. She led the charge on the national scene to repatriate Mahar Arar, an Arab-Canadian who was wrongly detained as a terrorist by United States border officials, on an erroneous tip from Canada's secret service.[44] Throughout 2002 and 2003, McDonough campaigned for his release.[44] When he was released, his wife, Monia Mazigh, joined the NDP and became a candidate for them in the 2004 federal election, out of recognition for the support McDonough and the party showed for her and her husband.[44]

With Brian Masse's May 2002 by-election victory, in the Windsor West riding, the party's caucus grew to 14 members.[45] A few weeks later, on June 5, 2002, McDonough used this positive turn in electoral fortunes to announce that she was stepping down as NDP leader.[5] On January 25, 2003, at the Toronto leadership convention, she was succeeded by Jack Layton.[29] She was re-elected to Parliament in the 2004 federal election and again in 2006.[6][31] In the NDP's shadow cabinet, McDonough served as the critic for International Development, International Cooperation and Peace Advocacy.[6]

Retirement

[edit]

On June 2, 2008, McDonough announced that she would not run again in the riding of Halifax in the next federal election. She made the announcement at the Lord Nelson Hotel, the same place where she celebrated her 1997 victory as the MP for Halifax. McDonough said that she would continue on as the MP for Halifax until the next federal election.[46]

On June 29, 2009, it was announced that McDonough was named the new interim president of Mount Saint Vincent University, in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Her one-year appointment began in August 2009.[47] It was announced on December 30, 2009, that she was to be appointed an officer of the Order of Canada for her pioneering work as both the Nova Scotia and Federal leader of the New Democratic Party.[48][49] She received an honorary Doctor of Civil Laws degree from Acadia University, in Wolfville, Nova Scotia on May 13, 2012.[50]

Personal life and death

[edit]

McDonough's only marriage was in 1966[51] to Halifax lawyer, Peter McDonough (April 1, 1940 – November 17, 2021), with whom she had two sons: Justin and Travis.[46] In 1993, she separated from McDonough, later divorcing him; she said her political career did not play a part in it.[18][46] In 1994, just before she stepped down as Nova Scotia leader, she had a hysterectomy, and waited until she recuperated before she announced her resignation.[18] During her time as leader of the federal NDP, McDonough was romantically involved with David MacDonald, a former Progressive Conservative (PC) MP for Toronto Centre—Rosedale and a cabinet minister.[52] MacDonald ran as the NDP candidate in Toronto Centre—Rosedale in the 1997 election; in the previous election, he was the PC incumbent, and like every other PC candidate in Ontario in 1993, was defeated.[52] The pair split up prior to the 2004 federal election.[53]

On May 3, 2013, McDonough announced that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer about four months earlier during a mammogram. She had been receiving treatment.[54]

McDonough died at a long-term care home in Halifax, on January 15, 2022, at the age of 77. She suffered from Alzheimer's disease in the seven years prior to her death.[7]

Electoral record

[edit]
2006 Canadian federal election: Halifax
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
New Democratic Alexa McDonough 23,420 46.88 +5.33 $67,353.61
Liberal Martin MacKinnon 15,437 30.90 -8.21 $62,643.27
Conservative Andrew House 8,992 18.00 +3.37 $73,744.64
Green Nick Wright 1,948 3.90 -0.81 $861.16
Marxist–Leninist Tony Seed 164 0.33 – none listed
Total valid votes/expense limit 49,961 100.0     $77,542
Total rejected, unmarked and declined ballots 210 0.42 -0.17
Turnout 50,171 65.25
Eligible voters 76,885
New Democratic hold Swing +6.77

Source:[31][6]

2004 Canadian federal election: Halifax
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
New Democratic Alexa McDonough 18,341 41.55 -0.01 $64,636.07
Liberal Sheila Fougere 17,267 39.11 +7.25 $61,349.27
Conservative Kevin Keefe 6,457 14.63 -9.19 $61,519.35
Green Michael Oddy 2,081 4.71   none listed
Total valid votes/expense limit 44,146 100.0     $73,393
Total rejected, unmarked and declined ballots 260 0.59
Turnout 44,406 62.68
Eligible voters 70,847
New Democratic notional hold Swing -2.39
Changes from 2000 are based on redistributed results. Conservative Party change is based on the combination of Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative Party totals.

Source:[31][6]

2000 Canadian federal election: Halifax
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
New Democratic Alexa McDonough 16,567 40.29 -8.73
Liberal Kevin Little 13,600 33.07 +11.43
Progressive Conservative Paul Fitzgibbons 7,279 17.70 -5.56
Alliance Amery Boyer 2,346 5.71 +0.27
Marijuana Mike Patriquen 627 1.52
Green Michael Oddy 587 1.43
Marxist–Leninist Kevin Dumont Corkill 113 0.27 +0.07
Total valid votes 41,119 100.00

Changes for the Canadian Alliance from 1997 are based on the results of its predecessor, the Reform Party. Source:[6][55]

1997 Canadian federal election: Halifax
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
New Democratic Alexa McDonough 21,837 49.02 +35.68
Progressive Conservative Terry Donahoe 10,361 23.26 +2.58
Liberal Mary Clancy 9,638 21.64 -24.27
Reform Steve Greene 2,422 5.44 -9.02
Natural Law Gilles Bigras 197 0.44 -0.52
Marxist–Leninist Tony Seed 89 0.20 +0.02
Total valid votes 44,544 100.00

Source:[6][55]

1980 Canadian federal election: Halifax
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Gerald Regan 16,949 41.63 +1.21
Progressive Conservative George Cooper 15,710 38.58 -1.87
New Democratic Alexa McDonough 8,009 19.67 +1.14
Marxist–Leninist Charles Spurr 48 0.12 +0.05
Total valid votes 40,716 100.00

Source: [56]

1979 Canadian federal election: Halifax
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative George Cooper 16,570 40.45 -8.81
Liberal Brian Flemming 16,555 40.42 -0.28
New Democratic Alexa McDonough 7,590 18.53 +9.20
Independent David F. Gray 155 0.38
Communist D. Scott Milsom 64 0.16
Marxist–Leninist Tony Seed 27 0.07 -0.18
Total valid votes 40,961 100.00

Source:[6]

References

[edit]

Specific

  1. ^ "Born". Ottawa Citizen. August 12, 1944. p. 14. Retrieved January 15, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. ^ a b c Harper, Tim (October 15, 1995). "McDonough 'natural leader' from teens". The Toronto Star. Toronto. pp. A5. ProQuest 437374532. Retrieved December 30, 2009 – via ProQuest.
  3. ^ Young, Walter (1969). The Anatomy of a Party: The National CCF 1932–61. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 221. ISBN 9780802052216.
  4. ^ a b c d e Harris, Michael (October 20, 1981). "N.S. NDP leader faces lonely road". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. 10. ProQuest 1143140911 – via ProQuest.
  5. ^ a b c McCharles, Tonda (June 6, 2002). "Candid McDonough to quit as NDP leader; Stepping down to help 'revitalize' federal party". The Toronto Star. pp. A1, A6. ProQuest 1328129145. Retrieved December 31, 2009 – via Proquest.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Profile – Halifax, Nova Scotia (1867-08-06 – )". Ottawa, Canada: Library of Parliament. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  7. ^ a b Laroche, Jean (January 15, 2022). "Alexa McDonough, former NDP leader and trailblazer for women in politics, has died". CBC News. Archived from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  8. ^ Kerans, Marion Douglas (1996). Muriel Duckworth, a Very Active Pacifist: A Biography. Fernwood Publishing. p. 190. ISBN 9781895686685.
  9. ^ a b Yaffe, Barbara (June 6, 1980). "Caustic Cape Bretoner a pariah in NDP". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. 11.
  10. ^ Yaffe, Barbara (June 30, 1980). "Nova Scotia MLA threatens to establish alternate NDP". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. 8.
  11. ^ a b Surette, Ralph (September 13, 1980). "Party wrangling in the Maritimes". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. 8.
  12. ^ a b "NDP appoints interim leader". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Canadian Press. October 3, 1980. p. 8.
  13. ^ a b c "Woman leads Nova Scotia NDP". The Toronto Star. Toronto. Canadian Press. November 17, 1980. p. A5.
  14. ^ "Hamm, McDonough named to Order of Canada". CBC News. Halifax. December 30, 2009. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  15. ^ Sheppard, Robert (November 28, 1994). "Alexa McDonough steps down". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. A15.
  16. ^ "MLA expelled from NDP caucus". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Canadian Press. December 10, 1980. p. 10.
  17. ^ a b "Province of Nova Scotia Election Returns 1981" (PDF). Halifax: Elections Nova Scotia. June 15, 1982. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Mansour, Valerie (November 27, 1994). "Pioneering McDonough leaves with no regrets". The Toronto Star. p. E9; A20. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
  19. ^ "McDonough resigns, shocks Nova Scotia NDP". The Toronto Star. Canadian Press. November 20, 1994. p. A20. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
  20. ^ Cox, Kevin (November 20, 1999). "Public Lives: Robert Chisholm". The Globe and Mail. p. A22.
  21. ^ a b c d "Retooling the New Democrats". Editorial. The Globe and Mail. Toronto. October 28, 1993. p. A26.
  22. ^ Delacourt, Susan (April 19, 1994). "NDP plans to redesign the left: McLaughlin to give up helm". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. pp. A1, A6.
  23. ^ Howard, Ross (January 23, 1995). "NDP sets new style for leadership race". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. pp. A1, A2.
  24. ^ a b c Caragata, Warren (October 23, 1995). "Stunning ending". Maclean's. Toronto. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  25. ^ a b Whitehorn, Alan (February 13, 2008). "Audrey McLaughlin". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  26. ^ Hill 2002, p. xvi.
  27. ^ a b c Windsor, Hugh (October 16, 1995). "Second fiddle leads NDP: McDonough wins, Robinson gives in". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. pp. A1, A5.
  28. ^ Johnson, William (February 21, 1976). "Feuding must end, Stanfield cautions in a blunt farewell". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. pp. 1–2.
  29. ^ a b c Whitehorn, Alan (March 11, 2010). "Alexa McDonough". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  30. ^ Bergman, Brian; Wood, Chris; Janigan, Mary; Wilson-Smith, Anthony; Branswell, Brenda; Isler, Dale (March 17, 2003). "Elections Leaves Country Fractured". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  31. ^ a b c d "Past results – Halifax (Nova Scotia)". Gatineau: Elections Canada. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  32. ^ Lawton, Valerie (August 27, 1999). "Leader walks NDP along a tightrope". The Toronto Star. p. A7. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
  33. ^ Zolf, Larry (June 6, 2002). "Alexa the Great". Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on October 30, 2003. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
  34. ^ Lawton, Valerie (August 22, 1999). "Is the NDP on the right course?". The Toronto Star. pp. B1, B4. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
  35. ^ Lawton, Valerie (August 28, 1999). "NDP endorses tax cuts as leader backs 'new way'". The Toronto Star. p. A13. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
  36. ^ Lawton, Valerie (August 29, 1999). "Should NDP stray from its traditions?". The Toronto Star. p. A9. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
  37. ^ a b Herbert, Chantal (June 6, 2002). "A lesson in how to bow out gracefully". The Toronto Star. p. A6. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
  38. ^ "New Democrat MP Vautour moves to the right". CBC News. September 27, 1999. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  39. ^ a b "NDP MP defects to Liberal party". CBC News. September 28, 2000. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  40. ^ a b Simpson, Jeffrey (November 23, 2001). "So, really, what's the NDP?". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. A15.
  41. ^ a b Simpson, Jeffrey (November 27, 2001). "The NDP's union links: shaken but not severed". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. A17.
  42. ^ Lawton, Valerie (November 25, 2001). "NDP rejects demands for new left-wing party". The Toronto Star. p. A3. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
  43. ^ "McDonough fends off leadership challenge". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Canadian Press. November 25, 2001.
  44. ^ a b c Gordon, Mary (April 3, 2004). "NDP hopes renew". The Toronto Star. p. F1. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
  45. ^ "Opposition well-armed for Commons return". CBC News. May 21, 2002. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  46. ^ a b c "Halifax MP Alexa McDonough announces retirement". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 2, 2008. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  47. ^ "McDonough named interim president of MSVU". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 29, 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  48. ^ "Ms. Alexa McDonough". The Governor General of Canada. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  49. ^ "Order of Canada – Appointments: The Governor General announces 57 new appointments to the Order of Canada". Governor General of Canada. December 30, 2009. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
  50. ^ Parker, Glen (May 13, 2012). "Political trailblazer McDonough to receive honorary degree". The Chronicle Herald. Halifax. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
  51. ^ "Alexa McDonough Obituary – Halifax, NS".
  52. ^ a b Sheppard, Robert (April 14, 1997). "You call that endurance?". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. pp. A13.
  53. ^ Ottawa Citizen Staff (October 4, 2008). "Alexa McDonough reflects on time and change as she eases into life after politics: So how are you feeling?". Ottawa Citizen. Ottawa. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  54. ^ CBC News Staff (May 3, 2013). "Former NDP leader Alexa McDonough fighting breast cancer". CBC News. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
  55. ^ a b Hill 2002, p. 35.
  56. ^ Globe Staff (February 19, 1980). "How Canada Voted". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. 12. Retrieved December 6, 2023 – via ProQuest.

Bibliography

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