Aius Locutius

Aius Locutius (Latin: āius locūtius, spoken affirmation), or Aius Loquens (Latin: āius loquens, speaking affirmation), was a Roman deity or numen associated with the Gallic invasions of Rome during the early 4th century BC.

According to legend, a Roman plebeian named M. Caedicius heard a supernatural, nocturnal voice that issued from Vesta's sacred grove,^[1] at the base of the Palatine hill. It warned him of an imminent Gaulish attack, recommended that the walls of Rome be fortified and instructed him to pass these messages on to the tribune of the plebs, but because of the messenger's humble station, the message was ignored.^[2] In consequence, the Gauls entered and burned the city (c. 390 BC).^[3] Once the Gauls were repelled, the Senate built a temple and altar (known as Ara Aius Locutius or Ara Saepta) to propitiate the unknown deity who had offered the warning.^[4]^[5] This was said to have been set up where Caedicius had heard the divine voice. Later Roman historians disputed its exact location and no trace remains of the temple or altar; the latter has been historically misidentified with the Palatine altar inscribed si deus si dea ("whether god or goddess"), in cautious dedication to some unknown deity.^[6]^[7]

In the broad context of official Roman religion, Aius Locutius is exceptional. Officially, the gods might speak through the cryptic writings and utterances of specialised oracles, or through a complex system of signs in answer to the specific questions of State augurs. They might also grant signs of fortune to their most favoured protégés, or speak privately to them in dreams. Aius Locutius gave clear, urgent instructions of great importance to the State, in a voice "clearer than human", but in everyday Latin, to an ordinary plebeian passer-by. Thereafter, according to Cicero, "having acquired a temple, an altar, and a name, 'Speaker' never spoke again".^[8] As a trained augur, Cicero was obliged to successfully identify and expiate any prodigies, including such "divine noise" that might signal imminent disaster or divine discontent. Beard (2012) places Aius Locutius at the "extraordinary limit" of such sounds, for the unequivocal clarity of the warning, and the consequences of its rejection by Roman authorities; a god "defined by his voice alone".^[9]

The epithet Locutius was also used to invoke one of the deities concerned with child development.^[10]

References

^ Turfa, Jean MacIntosh (2014-11-13). The Etruscan World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-05530-2.
^ Driediger-Murphy, Lindsay Gayle; Eidinow, Esther (2019). Ancient Divination and Experience. Oxford University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-19-884454-9.
^ Francesca, Vio, Rohr (2022). Powerful Matrons: New political actors in the Late Roman Republic. Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. p. 47. ISBN 978-84-1340-452-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Smith, William (1904). A Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography. London: John Murray. p. 40.
^ Platner, Samuel Ball (2015-05-21). A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-08324-9.
^ Richardson, L. (1992). A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780801843006.
^ Alvar, Jaime, “Matériaux Pour L'étude De La Formule Sive Deus, Sive Dea.” Numen, vol. 32, no. 2, 1985, pp. 236–273, JSTOR, [1]
^ Ando, Clifford (2008). The Matter of the Gods: Religion and the Roman Empire. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 125. ISBN 9780520250833. Author's paraphrasis of Cicero, De divinatione, 2.69.
^ Mary Beard, "Cicero's 'Response of the haruspices' and the Voice of the Gods", pp. 28-29 in The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 102 (2012), pp. 20-39, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, available at JSTOR [2] (subscription required)
^ Rüpke, Jörg (2002). Religion in Republican Rome: Rationalization and Ritual Change. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 182.

[1] Turfa, Jean MacIntosh (2014-11-13). The Etruscan World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-05530-2.

[2] Driediger-Murphy, Lindsay Gayle; Eidinow, Esther (2019). Ancient Divination and Experience. Oxford University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-19-884454-9.

[3] Francesca, Vio, Rohr (2022). Powerful Matrons: New political actors in the Late Roman Republic. Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. p. 47. ISBN 978-84-1340-452-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[4] Smith, William (1904). A Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography. London: John Murray. p. 40.

[5] Platner, Samuel Ball (2015-05-21). A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-08324-9.

[6] Richardson, L. (1992). A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780801843006.

[7] Alvar, Jaime, “Matériaux Pour L'étude De La Formule Sive Deus, Sive Dea.” Numen, vol. 32, no. 2, 1985, pp. 236–273, JSTOR, [1]

[8] Ando, Clifford (2008). The Matter of the Gods: Religion and the Roman Empire. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 125. ISBN 9780520250833. Author's paraphrasis of Cicero, De divinatione, 2.69.

[9] Mary Beard, "Cicero's 'Response of the haruspices' and the Voice of the Gods", pp. 28-29 in The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 102 (2012), pp. 20-39, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, available at JSTOR [2] (subscription required)

[10] Rüpke, Jörg (2002). Religion in Republican Rome: Rationalization and Ritual Change. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 182.

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