Drug policy of the United Kingdom
Drugs considered addictive or dangerous in the United Kingdom are called "controlled substances" and regulated by law. Until 1964 the medical treatment of dependent drug users was separated from the punishment of unregulated use and supply. Under this policy drug use remained low; there was relatively little recreational use and few dependent users, who were prescribed drugs by their doctors as part of their treatment. From 1964 drug use was decreasingly criminalised, with the framework still in place as of 2014[update] largely determined by the Misuse of Drugs Act.[citation needed]
History
[edit]Until 1916 drug use was hardly controlled, and widely available opium and coca preparations commonplace.[1]: 13–14
Between 1916 and 1928 concerns about the use of these drugs by troops on leave from the First World War and then by people associated with the London criminal society gave rise to some controls being implemented.[1] The distribution and use of morphine and cocaine, and later cannabis, were criminalised, but these drugs were available to addicts through doctors; this arrangement became known as the "British system" and was confirmed by the report of the Departmental Committee on Morphine and Heroin Addiction (Rolleston Committee) in 1926.[1]
The Rolleston Report was followed by "a period of nearly forty years of tranquillity in Britain, known as the Rolleston Era. During this period the medical profession regulated the distribution of licit opioid supplies and the provisions of the Dangerous Drugs Acts of 1920 and 1923 controlled illicit supplies."[2] The medical treatment of dependent drug users was separated from the punishment of unregulated use and supply. This policy on drugs was maintained in Britain, and nowhere else, until the 1960s. Under this policy drug use remained low; there was relatively little recreational use and few dependent users, who were prescribed drugs by their doctors as part of their treatment.[1]
It has been argued that the main legal innovations between 1925 and 1964 were in response to international pressures, not domestic problems.[1]
In the 1960s a few doctors prescribed large amounts of heroin, some of which was diverted into the illegal market. Also substances such as cannabis, amphetamines and LSD started to become significant in the UK.[1]
In 1961 the international Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs was introduced. To control global drug trading and use, it banned countries from treating addicts by prescribing illegal substances, allowing only scientific and medical uses of drugs. It was not itself binding on countries, which had to pass their own legislation.[3]
Following pressure from the US, the UK implemented the Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act 1964 in 1964. Although the Convention dealt with the problems of drug production and trafficking, rather than the punishment of drug users, the 1964 Act introduced criminal penalties for possession by individuals of small amounts of drugs, as well as possession with intent to traffic or deal in drugs. The police were soon given the power to stop and search people for illegal drugs.[3]
In 1971 the Misuse of Drugs Act (MDA) was passed, continuing measures in previous legislation, and classifying drugs into classes A (the most highly regulated), B, and C. Penalties for trafficking and supply were increased in the 1980s.[1]
In 1991 a new phase of UK drug legislation started with an attempt to integrate health and criminal justice responses via Schedule 1A6 Probation Orders. This reduced the separation between medical and punitive responses that had characterised the British system in the past.[1]
Legislation
[edit]| Year | Act | Purpose | Legislation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1868 | Pharmacy Act | First regulation of poisons and dangerous substances. Limited sales to chemists. | |
| 1908 | Poisons and Pharmacy Act | Regulations on sale and labelling, including coca. | |
| 1916 | Defence of the Realm Act 1914 (Regulation 40B) | Sale and possession of cocaine restricted to "authorised persons". | |
| 1920 | Dangerous Drugs Act | Limited production, import, export, possession, sale and distribution of opium, cocaine, morphine or heroin to licensed persons. | |
| 1925 | Dangerous Drugs Act | Controlled importation of coca leaf and cannabis. | |
| 1928 | Amendment to Dangerous Drugs Act | Criminalised possession of cannabis. Doctors continued to be able to prescribe any drugs as treatments, including for addiction. | |
| 1964 | Dangerous Drugs Act | Criminalised cultivation of cannabis following UN 1961 Single Convention. | |
| 1964 | Drugs (Prevention of Misuse Act) | Criminalised possession of amphetamines. | |
| 1967 | Dangerous Drugs Act | Doctors required to notify Home Office of addicted patients. Restriction on prescription of heroin and cocaine for treatment of addiction. | |
| 1971 | Misuse of Drugs Act | Introduced classes A, B, and C of drugs. Created offence of "intent to supply". Increased penalties for trafficking and supply (14 years imprisonment for trafficking Class A drugs). Established the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD). | |
| 1985 | Controlled Drugs (Penalties) Act | Maximum penalty for trafficking Class A drugs increased to life imprisonment. | |
| 1986 | Drug Trafficking Offences Act | Making suspects aware of an investigation criminalised. Police could compel breaches of confidentiality, and could search and seize. | |
| 1991 | Criminal Justice Act 1991, Schedule 1A6 | A probation order could have attached a condition of attending drug treatment. | |
| 1998 | Crime and Disorder Act | Created the Drug Treatment and Testing Order (DTTO). | |
| 2000 | Criminal Justice and Court Services Act | People charged with certain offences could be tested for drugs by police. Created the Drug Abstinence Order, the Drug Abstinence Requirement. Introduced testing for prisoners released subject to supervision. | |
| 2003 | Criminal Justice Act 2003 | Bail restricted for people charged with certain offences if test indicates Class A drug use. Created the generic Community Order, replacing the DTTO with the Drug Rehabilitation Requirement. | |
| 2003 | Anti-Social Behaviour Act | Premises used for Class A drugs supply could be closed. | |
| 2005 | Drugs Act | Introduced drug testing on arrest. Classified psilocybin mushrooms as drugs. Required treatment assessment could not be refused. Penalties for dealing near schools increased. | |
| 2006 | Police and Justice Act. | Punitive conditions can be attached to conditional cautioning. | |
| 2007 | Drugs Act 2005 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2007 | S.I. 2007/562 | |
| 2008 | Controlled Drugs (Drug Precursors) (Intra-Community Trade) Regulations 2008 | S.I. 2008/295 | |
| 2008 | Controlled Drugs (Drug Precursors) (Community External Trade) Regulations 2008 | S.I. 2008/296 | |
| 2008 | The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2008 | S.I. 2008/3130 | |
| 2009 | The Misuse of Drugs (Designation) (Amendment) (England, Wales and Scotland) Order | S.I. 2009/3135 | |
| 2009 | The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) (England, Wales and Scotland) Regulations | S.I. 2009/3136 | |
| 2009 | The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order | S.I. 2009/3209 | |
| 2016 | Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 | ||
| 2016 | The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Temporary Class Drug) Order 650 | ||
| 2016 | The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 1109 | ||
| 2016 | The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Temporary Class Drug) (No. 2) Order 1126 | ||
| 2017 | The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 634 | ||
| 2017 | The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1114 | ||
| 2018 | The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 1356 | ||
| 2019 | The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 323 | ||
| 2021 | The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 868 |
See also
[edit]- Beckley Foundation
- Cannabis in the United Kingdom
- Drug Equality Alliance
- Drug policy
- Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act
- List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use
- List of statutory instruments of the United Kingdom, list of links to instruments for each year
- Release
- Transform Drug Policy Foundation
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h Reuter, Peter; Stevens, Alex (2007). "An Analysis of UK Drug Policy" (PDF). London: United Kingdom Drug Policy Commission.
- ^ Bennett, Trevor (Winter 1988). "The British Experience with Heroin Regulation". Law and Contemporary Problems. 51 (1): 299–314. JSTOR 1191723.
- ^ a b "The UK's Misuse of Drugs Act (1971)". h2g2. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
- ^ UK government: UK Public General Acts, searchable database