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Gravitas

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the ancient Roman virtue. For other uses, see Gravitas (disambiguation).

Gravitas (Classical Latin: [ˈɡrawɪt̪aːs̠]) was one of the ancient Roman virtues[1] that denoted "seriousness".[2] It is also translated variously as weight, dignity, and importance and connotes restraint and moral rigor.[1] It also conveys a sense of responsibility and commitment to the task.[3]

Along with pietas (regard for discipline and authority), severitas, gloria, simplicitas (lucidity), integritas, dignitas, and virtus, gravitas was particularly appreciated as an ideal characteristic in leaders.[2] Gravitas and virtus are considered more canonical virtues than the others.[1]

Roman concept

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Aeneas, depicted here with Venus, was considered the embodiment of gravitas, pietas, dignitas, and virtus.[4]

Gravitas was one of the virtues that allowed citizens, particularly statesmen, to embody the concept of romanitas,[5] which denotes what it meant to be Roman and how Romans regarded themselves, eventually evolving into a national character.[6] Many Roman philosophers praised constantia (perseverance, endurance, and courage), dignitas, and gravitas as the most important virtues; this is because they made dignified men capable. They accompany Roman actions.[7] The men of the ruling upper and upper-middle classes were educated in a public school system where Classical language and literature formed basic elements of the curriculum.[8]

Exuding gravitas or dignified and serious conduct allowed Romans to maintain a persistent element of conservatism and traditionalism.[6] According to the Roman emperor and philosopher Marcus Aurelius, the cultivation of gravitas involves acting with sincerity and dignity, by being temperate in manner and speech as well as by carrying oneself with authority.[9][better source needed]

Other sources associate gravitas with living an austere lifestyle. It was one of the moral bases of the sanctioned control exercised by the Roman censores (see Roman Censors).[1] An account described how old statesmen who realized that they no longer meet the standards of romanitas for failing to perform their public function with dignity and gravitas committed suicide or simply refused taking food.[5] This concerned how the Romans defined themselves and their honor.[10]

During Augustus' regime, gravitas was not included in the four cardinal virtues (virtus, clementia, justitia, and pietas) that were introduced to establish the myth of the Roman emperor and the model of a good ruler.[11]

Greek presence

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Main article: Modes of persuasion

Aristotle identified three essentials of persuasive communication—a component of personal presence:

  1. Logical argument (the ability to articulate your points clearly)
  2. Emotion (the ability to create or control emotion in your listeners)
  3. Character (the ability to convey integrity and goodwill)

Modern concepts

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In the British education system, gravitas was seen as one of the pillars of the moral formation of the English gentleman during the Victorian and Edwardian eras.[12] This partly derived from the notion of aristocratic pedigree, indicating polish, grace in manner, and dignity in outward appearance.[13] The British Empire also derived from the moral concept of imperium such that gravitas and other Roman virtues were idealized in its imperial society and in the governance of its dominion.[14] India, for instance, was ruled by men whose senses of power were imbued with Roman virtues.[14] The concept of imperium also dominated the colonial Civil Service.[14] The United Kingdom House of Commons also uses the term "bottom",[15] which is the Conservative code for gravitas.[16]

Gravitas is also used in communication, particularly in speech, where it denotes the use of emphasis in order to give certain words weight.[17] Self-monitoring questions can determine expressive behavior and affective display, which could translate to gravitas in the way one conducts oneself or speaks.[relevant?] Self-monitoring questions can include: am I staying neutral, hindering direction, or am I helping to contribute with my participation?[18]

See also

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  • Auctoritas – Roman prestige; contrast with power, imperium
  • Good faith – Intention to be fair, open, and honest – also known as bona fides in Latin
  • Potestas – Latin word meaning power or faculty
  • Precommitment – Behavioral Economics concept
  • Xenia (Greek) – Ancient Greek concept of hospitality

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Forbis, Elizabeth (1996). Municipal Virtues in the Roman Empire: The Evidence of Italian Honorary Inscriptions. Stuttgart: Walter de Gruyter. p. 94. ISBN 3519076284.
  2. ^ a b Shields, John C. (2001). The American Aeneas: Classical Origins of the American Self. Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press. p. 166. ISBN 1-57233-132-1.
  3. ^ Apuzzo, L.J.; Michael, M.D. (August 2006). "Gravitas, Severitas, Veritas, Virtus". Neurosurgery. 59 (2): 219. doi:10.1227/00006123-200608000-00001.
  4. ^ Cunningham, Lawrence S.; Reich, John J.; Fichner-Rathus, Lois (2013). Culture and Values: A Survey of the Humanities, Volume I. Boston, Mass.: Wadsworth. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-133-95244-2.
  5. ^ a b Harding, Brian (2008). Augustine and Roman Virtue. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 94. ISBN 9781847062857.
  6. ^ a b Chrystal, Paul (2017-07-15). How to be a Roman: A Day in the Life of a Roman Family. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445665658.
  7. ^ Mineo, Bernard (2014). A Companion to Livy. Malden, Mass.: John Wiley & Sons. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-118-30128-9.
  8. ^
    • Hingley, Richard (1996). "The 'legacy' of Rome: the rise, decline, and fall of the theory of Romanization". In Webster, J.; Cooper, N. (eds.). Roman Imperialism: Post-colonial Perspectives. Leicester Archaeology Monographs. p. 37. ISBN 0951037765. The men of the ruling upper and upper-middle classes were educated in a public school system where Classical language and literature formed basic elements of the curriculum. Greek and Roman concepts, in particular the significant Roman concept of gravitas, played a fundamental role in the formation of the character of the English gentleman.
    • Mason, Philip (1982). The English Gentleman: The Rise and Fall of an Ideal. New York: William Morrow and Co. p. 22.
  9. ^ Goyder, Caroline (2014-03-06). Gravitas: Communicate with Confidence, Influence and Authority. Random House. p. 1. ISBN 9781473501447.
  10. ^ Barton, Carlin A. (1995). The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 187. ISBN 0-691-01091-9.
  11. ^ Reinhold, Meyer (2002). Studies in Classical History and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0195145437.
  12. ^ Hingley, Richard (2013). Roman Officers and English Gentlemen: The Imperial Origins of Roman Archaeology. London: Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 978-0415235792.
  13. ^ Tozer, Malcolm (2018-03-28). Education in Manliness: The Legacy of Thring's Uppingham. Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06592-4.
  14. ^ a b c Patterson, Steven (2009). The Cult of Imperial Honor in British India. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 146. ISBN 9781349377459.
  15. ^ Austin Mitchell, Sharon Goulds (1982), Westminster Man: A Tribal Anthropology of the Commons People, Thames Methuen, pp. 250, 271, ISBN 9780423003802
  16. ^ Winterton, Sarah (2017-01-24). The Wintertons Unmuzzled: The Life & Times of Nick & Ann Winterton, Two Westminster Mavericks. Biteback Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78590-207-9.
  17. ^ Goyder, Caroline (2014). Gravitas: Communicate with Confidence, Influence and Authority. London: Vermilion. p. 99. ISBN 9780091954956.
  18. ^ Peck, David. "Get Your Gravitas On: 6 Secrets of Executive Presence". www.recoveringleader.com. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
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  • The dictionary definition of gravitas at Wiktionary
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