Jump to content

Maple syrup

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Maple Syrup)

Maple syrup
Bottled maple syrup
Place of originCanada
United States
Main ingredientsXylem sap (usually from sugar maple, red maple, or black maple)

Maple syrup is a syrup made from the sap of maple trees. In cold climates, these trees store starch in their trunks and roots before winter; the starch is then converted to sugar that rises in the sap in late winter and early spring. Maple trees are tapped by drilling holes into their trunks and collecting the sap, which is processed by heating to evaporate much of the water, leaving the concentrated syrup.

Maple syrup was first made by the Indigenous peoples of Northeastern North America. The practice was adopted by European settlers, who gradually changed production methods. Technological improvements in the 1970s further refined syrup processing. Virtually all of the world's maple syrup is produced in Canada and the United States. The Canadian province of Quebec is the largest producer, responsible for 70 per cent of the world's output; Canadian exports of maple syrup in 2016 were C$487 million (about US$360 million), with Quebec accounting for some 90 per cent of this total.[1][2]

Maple syrup is graded based on its colour and taste. Sucrose is the most prevalent sugar in maple syrup. In Canada, syrups must be made exclusively from maple sap to qualify as maple syrup and must also be at least 66 per cent sugar.[3] In the United States, a syrup must be made almost entirely from maple sap to be labelled as "maple", though states such as Vermont and New York have more restrictive definitions.

Maple syrup is often used as a condiment for pancakes, waffles, French toast, oatmeal, or porridge. It is also used as an ingredient in baking and as a sweetener or flavouring agent. Culinary experts have praised its unique flavour, although the chemistry responsible is not fully understood.[4]

Sources

[edit]
A sugar maple tree

Three species of maple (Acer) trees are predominantly used to produce maple syrup: the sugar maple (Acer saccharum),[5][6] the black maple (A. nigrum),[5][7] and the red maple (A. rubrum),[5][8] because of the high sugar content (roughly two to five per cent) in the sap of these species.[9] The black maple is included as a subspecies or variety in a more broadly viewed concept of A. saccharum, the sugar maple, by some botanists.[10] Of these, the red maple has a shorter season because it buds earlier than sugar and black maples, which alters the flavour of the sap.[11]

A few other species of maple are also sometimes used as sources of sap for producing maple syrup, including the box elder or Manitoba maple (Acer negundo),[5][12] the silver maple (A. saccharinum),[5][13] and the bigleaf maple (A. macrophyllum).[14] In the Southeastern United States, Florida sugar maple (Acer floridanum) is occasionally used for maple syrup production.[15]

Similar syrups may also be produced from walnut, birch, or palm trees, among other sources.[16][17][18]

History

[edit]

Indigenous peoples

[edit]
Sugar-Making Among the Indians in the North (19th-century illustration)

Indigenous peoples living in northeastern North America were the first groups known to have produced maple syrup and maple sugar. According to Indigenous oral traditions, as well as archaeological evidence, maple tree sap was being processed into syrup long before Europeans arrived in the region.[19][20] There are no authenticated accounts of how maple syrup production and consumption began,[21] but various legends exist; one of the most popular involves maple sap being used in place of water to cook venison served to a chief.[20] Indigenous tribes developed rituals around syrup-making, celebrating the Sugar Moon (the first full moon of spring) with a Maple Dance.[22] Many aboriginal dishes replaced the salt traditional in European cuisine with maple syrup.[20]

The Algonquians recognized maple sap as a source of energy and nutrition. At the beginning of the spring thaw, they made V-shaped incisions in tree trunks; they then inserted reeds or concave pieces of bark to run the sap into clay buckets or tightly woven birch-bark baskets. The maple sap was concentrated first by leaving it exposed to the cold temperatures overnight and disposing of the layer of ice that formed on top. Following that, the sap was transported by sled to large fires where it was boiled in clay pots to produce maple syrup. Often, multiple pots were used in conjunction, with the liquid being transferred between them as it grew more concentrated. Contrary to popular belief, syrup was not typically produced by dropping heated stones into wooden bowls, especially in northeast North America where Indigenous cultures had been using clay pots for thousands of years.[23][21] However, modern and historic sources contain evidence that hot stones may have occasionally been used in the upper Midwest and Canada, where hollowed out logs and birchbark containers typically replaced clay pots.[24]

European colonists

[edit]
Sugar Making in Montreal, October 1852

In the early stages of European colonization in northeastern North America, local Indigenous peoples showed the arriving colonists how to tap the trunks of certain types of maples during the spring thaw to harvest the sap.[25] André Thevet, the "Royal Cosmographer of France", wrote about Jacques Cartier drinking maple sap during his Canadian voyages.[26] By 1680, European settlers and fur traders were involved in harvesting maple products.[27] However, rather than making incisions in the bark, the Europeans used the method of drilling tapholes in the trunks with augers. Prior to the 19th century, processed maple sap was used primarily as a source of concentrated sugar, in both liquid and crystallized-solid form, as cane sugar had to be imported from the West Indies.[21][22]

Maple sugaring parties typically began to operate at the start of the spring thaw in regions of woodland with sufficiently large numbers of maples.[25] Syrup makers first bored holes in the trunks, usually more than one hole per large tree; they then inserted wooden spouts into the holes and hung a wooden bucket from the protruding end of each spout to collect the sap. The buckets were commonly made by cutting cylindrical segments from a large tree trunk and then hollowing out each segment's core from one end of the cylinder, creating a seamless, watertight container.[21] Sap filled the buckets, and was then either transferred to larger holding vessels (barrels, large pots, or hollowed-out wooden logs), often mounted on sledges or wagons pulled by draft animals, or carried in buckets or other convenient containers.[28] The sap-collection buckets were returned to the spouts mounted on the trees, and the process was repeated for as long as the flow of sap remained "sweet". The specific weather conditions of the thaw period were, and still are, critical in determining the length of the sugaring season.[29] As the weather continues to warm, a maple tree's normal early spring biological process eventually alters the taste of the sap, making it unpalatable, perhaps due to an increase in amino acids.[30]

The boiling process was very time-consuming. The harvested sap was transported back to the party's base camp, where it was then poured into large vessels (usually made from metal) and boiled down to achieve the desired concentration.[21] The sap was usually transported using large barrels pulled by horses or oxen to a central collection point, where it was processed either over a fire built out in the open or inside a shelter built for that purpose (the "sugar shack").[21][31]

Since 1850

[edit]
A bucket used to collect sap, built c. 1820

Around the time of the American Civil War (1861–1865), syrup makers started using large, flat sheet metal pans as they were more efficient for boiling than heavy, rounded iron kettles, because of a greater surface area for evaporation.[31] Around this time, cane sugar replaced maple sugar as the dominant sweetener in the US; as a result, producers focused marketing efforts on maple syrup. The first evaporator, used to heat and concentrate sap, was patented in 1858. In 1872, an evaporator was developed that featured two pans and a metal arch or firebox, which greatly decreased boiling time.[21] Around 1900, producers bent the tin that formed the bottom of a pan into a series of flues, which increased the heated surface area of the pan and again decreased boiling time. Some producers also added a finishing pan, a separate batch evaporator, as a final stage in the evaporation process.[31]

Buckets began to be replaced with plastic bags, which allowed people to see at a distance how much sap had been collected. Syrup producers also began using tractors to haul vats of sap from the trees being tapped (the sugar bush) to the evaporator. Some producers adopted motor-powered tappers and metal tubing systems to convey sap from the tree to a central collection container, but these techniques were not widely used.[21] Heating methods also diversified: modern producers use wood, oil, natural gas, propane, or steam to evaporate sap.[31] Modern filtration methods were perfected to prevent contamination of the syrup.[32]

Two taps in a maple tree, using plastic tubing for sap collection

A large number of technological changes took place during the 1970s. Plastic tubing systems that had been experimental since the early part of the century were perfected, and the sap came directly from the tree to the evaporator house.[33] Vacuum pumps were added to the tubing systems, and preheaters were developed to recycle heat lost in the steam. Producers developed reverse-osmosis machines to take a portion of water out of the sap before it was boiled, increasing processing efficiency.[21]

Improvements in tubing and vacuum pumps, new filtering techniques, "supercharged" preheaters, and better storage containers have since been developed. Research continues on pest control and improved woodlot management.[21] In 2009, researchers at the University of Vermont unveiled a new type of tap that prevents backflow of sap into the tree, reducing bacterial contamination and preventing the tree from attempting to heal the bore hole.[34] Experiments show that it may be possible to use saplings in a plantation instead of mature trees, dramatically boosting productivity per acre.[35] As a result of the smaller tree diameter, milder diurnal temperature swings are needed for the tree to freeze and thaw, which enables sap production in milder climatic conditions outside of northeastern North America.[36]

Processing

[edit]
Traditional bucket tap and a plastic-bag tap

Open pan evaporation methods have been streamlined since colonial days, but remain basically unchanged. Sap must first be collected and boiled down to obtain syrup. Maple syrup is made by boiling between 20 and 50 volumes of sap (depending on its concentration) over an open fire until 1 volume of syrup is obtained, usually at a temperature 4.1 °C (7.4 °F) over the boiling point of water. As the boiling point of water varies with changes in air pressure, the correct value for pure water is determined at the place where the syrup is being produced each time evaporation is begun and periodically throughout the day.[31][37] Syrup can be boiled entirely over one heat source or can be drawn off into smaller batches and boiled at a more controlled temperature.[38] Defoamers are often added during boiling.[39]

Boiling the syrup is a tightly controlled process, which ensures appropriate sugar content. Syrup boiled too long will eventually crystallize, whereas under-boiled syrup will be watery, and will quickly spoil. The finished syrup has a density of 66° on the Brix scale (a hydrometric scale used to measure sugar solutions).[40] The syrup is then filtered to remove precipitated "sugar sand", crystals made up largely of sugar and calcium malate.[41] These crystals are not toxic, but create a "gritty" texture in the syrup if not filtered out.[42]

In addition to open pan evaporation methods, many large producers use the more fuel efficient reverse osmosis procedure to separate the water from the sap.[43] Smaller producers can also use batchwise recirculating reverse osmosis, with the most energy-efficient operation taking the sugar concentration to 25% prior to boiling.[44]

The higher the sugar content of the sap, the smaller the volume of sap is needed to obtain the same amount of syrup. To yield 1 unit of syrup, sap at 1.5 per cent sugar content will require 57 units, while sap at 3.5 per cent sugar content only needs 25 units of sap.[45] The sap's sugar content is highly variable and will fluctuate even within the same tree.[46]

The filtered syrup is graded and packaged while still hot, usually at a temperature of 82 °C (180 °F) or greater. The containers are turned over after being sealed to sterilize the cap with the hot syrup. Packages can be made of metal, glass, or coated plastic, depending on volume and target market.[47] The syrup can also be heated longer and further processed to create a variety of other maple products, including maple sugar, maple butter or cream, and maple candy or taffy.[48]

Maple sap harvesting

Off-flavours

[edit]

Off-flavours can sometimes develop during the production of maple syrup, resulting from contaminants in the boiling apparatus (such as disinfectants), microorganisms, fermentation products, metallic can flavours, and "buddy sap", an off-flavour occurring late in the syrup season when tree budding has begun.[49][50] In some circumstances, it is possible to remove off-flavours through processing.[49][51]

Production

[edit]
Pouring the sap
A "sugar shack" where sap is boiling.
Regions of maple syrup production in Southeastern Canada and the Northeastern United States, according to the Maple Syrup Producers' Association of Ontario

Maple syrup production is centred in northeastern North America; however, given the correct weather conditions, it can be made wherever suitable species of maple trees grow, such as New Zealand, where there are efforts to establish commercial production.[52] Climate change is dramatically impacting the production of maple syrup.[53][54][55]

A maple syrup production farm is called a "sugarbush". Sap is often boiled in a "sugar house" (also known as a "sugar shack", "sugar cabin", "sugar shanty", or cabane à sucre), a building louvred at the top to vent the steam from the boiling sap.[56][57][58][59]

Maples are usually tapped beginning at 30 to 40 years of age. Each tree can support between one and three taps, depending on its trunk diameter. The average maple tree will produce 35 to 50 litres (9.2 to 13.2 US gal) of sap per season, up to 12 litres (3.2 US gal) per day.[60] This is roughly equal to seven per cent of its total sap. Tap seasons typically happen during late winter and spring and usually last for four to eight weeks, though the exact dates depend on the weather, location, and climate.[61][62] The timing of the season and the region of maximum sap flow are both expected to be significantly altered by climate change by 2100.[63]

During the day, sucrose stored in the roots for the winter rises through the trunk as sugary sap. A hole is bored into the trunk of the tree to allow the sap to flow out of a spile that is tapped in the hole.[29] The taps are left in place for the season, and the sap flows during the day when the temperature is above freezing.[64] Some producers also tap in autumn, though this practice is less common than spring tapping. Maples can continue to be tapped for sap until they are over 100 years old.[60]

Commerce

[edit]

Until the 1930s, the United States produced most of the world's maple syrup.[65] Today, after rapid growth in the 1990s, Canada produces more than 80 per cent of the world's maple syrup, producing about 73 million kg (80,000 short tons) in 2016.[1] The vast majority of this comes from the province of Quebec, which is the world's largest producer, with about 70 per cent of global production.[1][2] Canada exported more than C$362 million of maple syrup in 2016.[2] In 2015, 64 per cent of Canadian maple syrup exports went to the United States (a value of C$229 million), 8 per cent to Germany (C$31 million), 6 per cent to Japan (C$26 million), and 5 per cent to the United Kingdom (C$16 million).[66]

As of 2022, Quebec accounts for 91.6 per cent of maple syrup produced in Canada, followed by New Brunswick at 4.7 per cent and Ontario at 3.4 per cent.[67] However, 96.8 per cent of exported Canadian maple syrup originated from Quebec, whereas 2.6 per cent of exported syrup originated from New Brunswick, and the remaining 0.6 per cent from all other provinces.[67] Ontario holds the most maple syrup farms in Canada outside of Quebec, with 389 maple syrup producers in 2021.[67] This is followed by New Brunswick, with 114 maple syrup producers; and Nova Scotia, with 39 maple syrup producers.[67]

As of 2016, Quebec had some 7,300 producers working with 13,500 farmers, collectively making over 30 million litres (8 million US gallons) of syrup.[1][66] Production in Quebec is controlled through a supply management system, with producers receiving quota allotments from the government sanctioned Quebec Maple Syrup Producers (QMSP; Les Producteurs et productrices acéricoles du Québec), which also maintains reserves of syrup,[1][68] although there is a black-market trade in Quebec product.[1][69][70] In 2017, the QMSP mandated increased output of maple syrup production, attempting to establish Quebec's dominance in the world market.[1][2]

The Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan produce maple syrup using the sap of the box elder or Manitoba maple (Acer negundo).[5] In 2011, there were 67 maple syrup producers in Manitoba and 24 in Saskatchewan.[66] A Manitoba maple tree's yield is usually less than half that of a similar sugar maple tree.[71] Manitoba maple syrup has a slightly different flavour from sugar-maple syrup, because it contains less sugar and the tree's sap flows more slowly. British Columbia is home to a growing maple sugar industry using sap from the bigleaf maple, which is native to the West Coast of the United States and Canada.[72] In 2011, there were 82 maple syrup producers in British Columbia.[66]

Vermont has long been the largest US producer, with a record 9.5 million litres (2.5 million US gallons) produced in 2022.[73] In 2019 it led with over 7.8 million litres (2.07 million US gallons), followed by New York with 3.1 million L (820,000 US gal) and Maine with 2.2 million L (580,000 US gal). Wisconsin, Ohio, New Hampshire, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Connecticut all produced marketable quantities of maple syrup.[74]

Maple syrup has been produced on a small scale in some other countries, notably Japan and South Korea.[75] However, in South Korea in particular, it is traditional to consume maple sap, called gorosoe, instead of processing it into syrup.[76]

Markings

[edit]

Under Canadian maple product regulations, containers of maple syrup must include the words "maple syrup", its grade name and net quantity in litres or millilitres, on the main display panel with a minimum font size of 1.6 mm.[77][78] If the maple syrup is of Canada Grade A level, the name of the colour class must appear on the label in both English and French.[77] Also, the lot number or production code, and either: (1) the name and address of the sugar bush establishment, packing or shipper establishment, or (2) the first dealer and the registration number of the packing establishment, must be labelled on any display panel other than the bottom.[77][78]

Grades

[edit]
See also: Food grading

Following an effort from the International Maple Syrup Institute (IMSI) and many maple syrup producer associations, both Canada and the United States have altered their laws regarding the classification of maple syrup to be uniform. Whereas in the past each state or province had their own laws on the classification of maple syrup, now those laws define a unified grading system. This had been a work in progress for several years, and most of the finalization of the new grading system was made in 2014. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) announced in the Canada Gazette on 28 June 2014 that rules for the sale of maple syrup would be amended to include new descriptors, at the request of the IMSI.[79]

As of 31 December 2014, the CFIA[80] and as of 2 March 2015, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Marketing Service[81] issued revised standards intended to harmonize Canadian and United States regulations on the classification of maple syrup as follows:

  • Grade A
    • Golden colour and delicate taste
    • Amber colour and rich taste
    • Dark colour and robust taste
    • Very dark colour and strong taste
  • Processing grade
  • Substandard

As long as maple syrup does not have an off-flavour, is of a uniform colour, and is free from turbidity and sediment, it can be labelled as one of the A grades. If it exhibits any problems, it does not meet Grade A requirements, and then must be labelled as "processing grade" maple syrup and may not be sold in containers smaller than 20 litres (5 US gal).[79][81] If maple syrup does not meet the requirements of processing-grade maple syrup (including a fairly characteristic maple taste), it is classified as substandard.[79][81]

This grading system was accepted and made law by most maple-producing states and provinces, and became compulsory in Canada as of 13 December 2016.[82] Vermont, in an effort to "jump-start" the new grading regulations, adopted the new grading system as of 1 January 2014, after the grade changes passed the US Senate and House in 2013. Maine passed a bill to take effect as soon as both Canada and the United States adopted the new grades. In New York, the new grade changes became law on 1 January 2015. New Hampshire did not require legislative approval and so the new grade laws became effective as of 16 December 2014, and producer compliance was required as of 1 January 2016.[83]

Golden and amber grades typically have a milder flavour than dark and very dark, which are both dark and have an intense maple flavour.[84] The darker grades of syrup are used primarily for cooking and baking, although some specialty dark syrups are produced for table use.[85] Syrup harvested earlier in the season tends to yield a lighter colour.[86] With the new grading system, the classification of maple syrup depends ultimately on its internal transmittance at 560 nm wavelength through a 10 mm sample. Golden must have 75 per cent or more transmittance, amber must have 50.0 to 74.9 per cent transmittance, dark must have 25.0 to 49.9 per cent transmittance, and very dark is any product having less than 25.0 per cent transmittance.[81]

Old grading system

[edit]
Old US maple syrup grades, left to right:
Grade A Light Amber ("Fancy")
Grade A Medium Amber
Grade A Dark Amber
Grade B

In Canada, maple syrup was classified prior to 31 December 2014 by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) as one of three grades, each with several colour classes:[79]

  • Canada No. 1, including
    • Extra light
    • Light
    • Medium
  • No. 2 amber
  • No. 3 dark or any other ungraded category

Producers in Ontario or Quebec may have followed either federal or provincial grading guidelines.[79] Quebec's and Ontario's guidelines differed slightly from the federal:

  • there were two "number" categories in Quebec
    • Number 1, with four colour classes
    • Number 2, with five colour classes[87]
  • As in Quebec, Ontario's producers had two "number" grades:
    • Number 1, with three colour classes
    • Number 2, with one colour class, which was typically referred to as "Ontario Amber" when produced and sold in that province only[88]

A typical year's yield for a maple syrup producer will be about 25 to 30 per cent of each of the #1 colours, 10 per cent #2 amber, and 2 per cent #3 dark.[40]

The United States used different grading standards ⁠— ⁠some states still do as they await state regulation. Maple syrup was divided into two major grades:

  • Grade A:
    • Light amber (sometimes known as fancy)
    • Medium amber
    • Dark amber
  • Grade B.

In Massachusetts, the Grade B was renamed "Grade A Very Dark, Strong Taste"[89]

The Vermont Agency of Agriculture Food and Markets used a similar grading system of colour, and is roughly equivalent, especially for lighter syrups, but using letters: "AA", "A", etc.[90][91] The Vermont grading system differed from the US system in maintaining a slightly higher standard of product density (measured on the Baumé scale). New Hampshire maintained a similar standard, but not a separate state grading scale. The Vermont-graded product had 0.9 per cent more sugar and less water in its composition than US-graded. One grade of syrup not for table use, called commercial or Grade C, was also produced under the Vermont system.[84]

Packing regulations

[edit]

In Canada, the packing of maple syrup must follow the "Packing" conditions stated in the maple products regulations, or utilize the equivalent Canadian or imported grading system.[77]

As stated in the maple products regulations, Canadian maple syrup can be classified as "Canadian Grade A" and "Canadian Processing Grade". Any maple syrup container under these classifications should be filled to at least 90% of the bottle size while still containing the net quantity of syrup product as stated on the label. Every container of maple syrup must be new if it has a capacity of 5 litres or less or is marked with a grade name. Every container of maple sugar must also be new if it has a capacity of less than 5 kg or is either exported out of Canada or conveyed from one province to another.[77]

Each maple syrup product must be verified clean if it follows a grade name or if it is exported out of the province in which it was originally manufactured.[77]

Nutrition

[edit]
Maple syrup
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy1,088 kJ (260 kcal)
67 g
Sugars60.4
0.06 g
0.04 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
6%
0.066 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
98%
1.27 mg
Niacin (B3)
1%
0.081 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
1%
0.036 mg
Vitamin B6
0%
0.002 mg
Folate (B9)
0%
0 μg
Choline
0%
1.6 mg
Vitamin C
0%
0 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
8%
102 mg
Iron
1%
0.11 mg
Magnesium
5%
21 mg
Manganese
126%
2.908 mg
Phosphorus
0%
2 mg
Potassium
7%
212 mg
Sodium
1%
12 mg
Zinc
13%
1.47 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water32.4 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[92] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[93]

The basic ingredient in maple syrup is the sap from the xylem of sugar maple or various other species of maple trees. It consists primarily of sucrose and water, with small amounts of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose from the invert sugar created in the boiling process.[94][95]

In a 100g amount, maple syrup provides 260 calories and is composed of 32 per cent water by weight, 67 per cent carbohydrates (90 per cent of which are sugars), and no appreciable protein or fat (table). Maple syrup is generally low in overall micronutrient content, although manganese and riboflavin are at high levels along with moderate amounts of zinc and calcium (right table). It also contains trace amounts of amino acids which increase in content as sap flow occurs.[96]

Maple syrup contains a wide variety of polyphenols and volatile organic compounds, including vanillin, hydroxybutanone, lignans, propionaldehyde, and numerous organic acids.[97][98][99] It is not yet known exactly all compounds responsible for the distinctive flavour of maple syrup,[41] although primary flavour-contributing compounds are maple furanone (5-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone), strawberry furanone, and maltol.[100] New compounds have been identified in maple syrup, one of which is quebecol, a natural phenolic compound created when the maple sap is boiled to create syrup.[101] Its sweetness derives from a high content of sucrose (99% of total sugars).[95] Its brown colour – a significant factor in the appeal and quality grading of maple syrup – develops during thermal evaporation.[102]

One author described maple syrup as "a unique ingredient, smooth- and silky-textured, with a sweet, distinctive flavour – hints of caramel with overtones of toffee will not do – and a rare colour, amber set alight. Maple flavour is, well, maple flavour, uniquely different from any other."[64] Agriculture Canada has developed a "flavour wheel" that details 91 unique flavours that can be present in maple syrup. These flavours are divided into 13 families: vanilla, burnt, milky, fruity, floral, spicy, foreign (deterioration or fermentation), foreign (environment), maple, confectionery, plant (herbaceous), plant (forest, humus or cereals), and plant (ligneous).[103][104] These flavours are evaluated using a procedure similar to wine tasting.[105] Other culinary experts praise its unique flavour.[106][107][108][109]

Maple syrup and its various artificial imitations are widely used as toppings for pancakes, waffles, and French toast in North America. They can also be used to flavour a variety of foods, including fritters, ice cream, hot cereal, fresh fruit, bacon, and sausages. It is also used as sweetener for granola, applesauce, baked beans, candied sweet potatoes, winter squash, cakes, pies, breads, tea, coffee, and hot toddies.[110]

Imitations

[edit]

In Canada, maple syrup must be made entirely from maple sap, and syrup must have a density of 66° on the Brix scale to be marketed as maple syrup.[40] In the United States, maple syrup must be made almost entirely from maple sap, although small amounts of substances such as salt may be added.[111] Labelling laws prohibit imitation syrups from having "maple" in their names unless the finished product contains 10 per cent or more of natural maple syrup.[111]

Table syrup, also known as pancake syrup and waffle syrup, is often used as a substitute for maple syrup. Table syrups are mostly made using corn syrup and high-fructose corn syrup, giving them a less complex and more artificial flavour compared to maple syrup.[112] In the United States, consumers generally prefer imitation syrups, likely because of the significantly lower cost and sweeter flavour;[113][114] they typically cost about $2 per litre ($8 per US gallon), whereas authentic maple syrup costs $11–$16 per litre ($40–$60 per US gallon) as of 2015.[114]

In 2016, maple syrup producers from nine US states petitioned the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to regulate labelling of products containing maple syrup or using the word "maple" in manufactured products, indicating that imitation maple products contained insignificant amounts of natural maple syrup.[115] In September 2016, the FDA published a consumer advisory to carefully inspect the ingredient list of products labelled as "maple".[116]

Cultural significance

[edit]
The motif on the flag of Canada is a maple leaf.

Maple products are considered emblematic of Canada, and are frequently sold in tourist shops and airports as souvenirs from Canada. The sugar maple's leaf has come to symbolize Canada, and is depicted on the country's flag.[117] Several US states, including West Virginia, New York, Vermont, and Wisconsin, have the sugar maple as their state tree.[118] A scene of sap collection is depicted on the Vermont state quarter, issued in 2001.[119]

Maple syrup and maple sugar were used during the American Civil War and by abolitionists in the years before the war because most cane sugar and molasses were produced by Southern slaves.[113][120] Because of food rationing during the Second World War, people in the northeastern United States were encouraged to stretch their sugar rations by sweetening foods with maple syrup and maple sugar,[21] and recipe books were printed to help housewives employ this alternative source.[121]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Marowits, Ross (20 February 2017). "Quebec increases maple syrup production amid internal revolt, foreign competition". CBC. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d Robin Levinson-King and Jessica Murphy (9 April 2017). "Quebec's maple syrup producers seeking global domination". BBC News. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  3. ^ "Chapter 13 – Labelling of Maple Products". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  4. ^ Amy Christine Brown (June 2010). Understanding Food: Principles and Preparation. Cengage Learning. p. 441. ISBN 978-0-538-73498-1.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Grandtner, Miroslav M. (2005). Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees. Vol. 1: North America. Elsevier Science. pp. 20–24. ISBN 9780080460185.
  6. ^ "Acer saccharum Marshall – sugar maple". Plants Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  7. ^ "Acer nigrum Michx. f. – black maple". Plants Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  8. ^ "Acer rubrum L. – red maple". Plants Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  9. ^ Ciesla 2002, pp. 37–38.
  10. ^ "Acer saccharum subsp. nigrum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  11. ^ Randall, Jesse A (February 2010). "Maple syrup production; Publication F-337A" (PDF). Iowa State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  12. ^ "Acer negundo L. – boxelder". Plants Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  13. ^ "Acer saccharinum L. – silver maple". Plants Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  14. ^ Ruth, Robert H; Underwood, J Clyde; Smith, Clark E; Yang, Hoya Y (1972). "Maple sirup production from bigleaf maple" (PDF). PNW-181. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2006.
  15. ^ "Acer barbatum Michx., Florida maple". US Department of Agriculture. 1981. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  16. ^ Leung, Wency (7 June 2011). "Why settle for maple when you could have birch syrup?". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  17. ^ Utilization of tropical foods: trees : compendium on technological and nutritional aspects of processing and utilization of tropical foods, both animal and plant, for purposes of training and field reference. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1989. p. 5. ISBN 978-92-5-102776-9.
  18. ^ "Tapping Walnut Trees for a Novel and Delicious Syrup". Cornell University. 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  19. ^ Ciesla 2002, pp. 37, 104.
  20. ^ a b c "History". Michigan Maple Syrup Association. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Koelling, Melvin R; Laing, Fred; Taylor, Fred (1996). "Chapter 2: History of Maple Syrup and Sugar Production". In Koelling, Melvin R; Heiligmann, Randall B (eds.). North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual. Ohio State University (OSU).
  22. ^ a b Eagleson & Hasner 2006, p. 15.
  23. ^ Chenevert, Brian (3 March 2021). Maple sugaring among the Abenaki and Wabanki peoples (Report). Archived from the original on 8 March 2023.
  24. ^ Diemer-Eaton, Jessica (2014). "Hot-Stone Boiling Maple Sap to Syrup: Theory, Basis, & Public Demonstrations". Woodland Indian Educational Programs. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  25. ^ a b Ciesla 2002, p. 37.
  26. ^ Quoted in Lawrence, James M; Martin, Rux (1993). Sweet maple. Chapters Publishing Ltd. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-881527-00-8.
  27. ^ Ciesla 2002, pp. 37, 39.
  28. ^ Ciesla 2002, pp. 37–39.
  29. ^ a b Heiligmann, Randall B; et al. (1996). "Chapter 6: Maple Sap Production". In Koelling, Melvin R; Heiligmann, Randall B (eds.). North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual. Ohio State University.
  30. ^ Heiligmann, Randall B; Winch, Fred E (1996). "Chapter 3: The Maple Resource". In Koelling, Melvin R; Heiligmann, Randall B (eds.). North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual. Ohio State University.
  31. ^ a b c d e Heiligmann, Randall B; Staats, Lewis (1996). "Chapter 7: Maple Syrup Production". In Koelling, Melvin R; Heiligmann, Randall B (eds.). North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual. Ohio State University.
  32. ^ Koelling, Melvin R; et al. (1996). "Chapter 8: Syrup Filtration, Grading, Packing, and Handling". In Koelling, Melvin R; Heiligmann, Randall B (eds.). North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual. Ohio State University.
  33. ^ Ciesla 2002, p. 40.
  34. ^ Perkins, Timothy D (October 2009). "Development and testing of the check-valve spout adapter" (PDF). Maple Digest. 21A: 21–29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  35. ^ Sorkin, Laura (20 January 2014). "Maple Syrup Revolution: A New Discovery Could Change the Business Forever". Modern Farmer. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  36. ^ Reid, Simon; Driller, Tenaya; Watson, Matthew (2020). "A two-dimensional heat transfer model for predicting freeze-thaw events in sugar maple trees". Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 294: 108139. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108139. hdl:10092/101100.
  37. ^ Eagleson & Hasner 2006, p. 55.
  38. ^ Eagleson & Hasner 2006, p. 53.
  39. ^ van den Berg, Abby; Perkins, Timothy (February 2020). "Identifying an Effective Defoamer for Certified Organic Maple Production". Maple Syrup Digest: 8.
  40. ^ a b c Elliot 2006, p. 12.
  41. ^ a b Ball, David (10 October 2007). "The Chemical Composition of Maple Syrup". Journal of Chemical Education. 84 (10): 1647–1650. doi:10.1021/ed084p1647.
  42. ^ Eagleson & Hasner 2006, p. 56.
  43. ^ Thomas, Margaret G.; Schumann, David R. (1993). Income Opportunities in Special Forest Products: Self-help Suggestions for Rural Entrepreneurs. USDA Forest Products Laboratory. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-7881-1236-2.
  44. ^ Weaver, Nicholas J.; Wilkin, Geoffrey S.; Morison, Ken R.; Watson, Matthew J. (1 May 2020). "Minimizing the energy requirements for the production of maple syrup". Journal of Food Engineering. 273: 109823. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109823.
  45. ^ Wagner, John E. (2012). Forestry Economics: A Managerial Approach. Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 9780415774406.
  46. ^ Taylor, Fred H. (March 1956). "Variation in Sugar Content of Maple Sap" (PDF). AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. Bulletin 587. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2016.
  47. ^ Eagleson & Hasner 2006, p. 59.
  48. ^ Eagleson & Hasner 2006, pp. 65–67.
  49. ^ a b Hopkins, Kathy (2016). "Maple Syrup Quality Control Manual". Cooperative Extension Publications, University of Maine. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  50. ^ Camara, M; Cournoyer, M; Sadiki, M; Martin, N (2019). "Characterization and Removal of Buddy Off‐Flavor in Maple Syrup". Journal of Food Science. 84 (6): 1538–1546. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.14618. PMID 31120572.
  51. ^ van den Berg, Abby K; Perkins, Timothy D; Isselhardt, Mark L; Godshall, Mary An; Lloyd, Steven W (October 2009). "Metabolism Off-Flavor in Maple Syrup". Maple Digest. 21A: 11–18.
  52. ^ Driller, Tenaya; Gandela, Danielle; Watson, Matthew (2018). "Feasibility of producing maple syrup in New Zealand". Chemeca 2018: 34.
  53. ^ Milideo, Lauren (13 February 2024). "How Climate Change is Impacting the Maple Syrup Industry". UVM Today.
  54. ^ Goldstein, Bennet; Miller, Brittney (15 April 2024). "Midwest maple syrup producers adapt to uncertainty as climate changes". PBS Wisconsin.
  55. ^ Dario, Kate (13 March 2024). "Maple Month in a warm winter: How climate change is reshaping NH's syrup season". NHPR.
  56. ^ Koelling, Melvin R.; Staats, Lewis (1996). "Appendix 1: Maple Production and Processing Facilities". In Koelling, Melvin R; Heiligmann, Randall B (eds.). North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual. Ohio State University.
  57. ^ Heiligmann, Randall B., ed. (2006). North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual (PDF) (2nd ed.). Ohio State University.
  58. ^ Eagleson & Hasner 2006, p. 30.
  59. ^ Elliot, Robert (22 February 2022). "Sweetest Maple Sugar Shack Experiences in Ontario". Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  60. ^ a b Ciesla 2002, p. 39.
  61. ^ "Step-by-Step in the Production of Maple Syrup". Producteurs et productrices acéricoles du Québec. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  62. ^ Koelling, Melvin R; Davenport, Russell (1996). "Chapter 1: Introduction". In Koelling, Melvin R; Heiligmann, Randall B (eds.). North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual. Ohio State University.
  63. ^ Rapp, Joshua; Lutz, David; Huish, Ryan; Dufour, Boris; Ahmed, Selena; Morelli, Toni Lyn; Stinson, Kristina (September 2019). "Finding the sweet spot: Shifting optimal climate for maple syrup production in North America". Forest Ecology and Management. 448: 187–197. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.05.045.
  64. ^ a b Werner, Leo H (1923). "Maple Sugar Industry". Canadian Encyclopedia. Vol. 129. Historica-Dominion Institute. p. 176. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0923-176. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
  65. ^ "Background Information and Justification for Reintroducing the Maple Tapping Access Program Act as part of the new Federal Stimulus Package" (PDF). Cornell University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  66. ^ a b c d "Statistical Overview of the Canadian Maple Industry – 2015". Statistics Canada. June 2016. Archived from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  67. ^ a b c d "Statistical Overview of the Canadian Maple Industry 2022" (PDF). Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. June 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  68. ^ "Actions de la FPAQ" (in French). Fédération des producteurs acéricoles du Québec. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  69. ^ Kuitenbrouwer, Peter (25 April 2015). "How a maple syrup rebellion is growing in Quebec". National Post. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  70. ^ Kuitenbrouwer, Peter (11 February 2016). "Quebec's 'autocratic' control over maple syrup producers in need of major overhaul: provincial report". Financial Post. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016.
  71. ^ Kendrick, Jenny. "Tapping the Manitoba Maple" (PDF). Statistics Canada. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  72. ^ Norbury, Keith (19 May 2010). "BC Bigleaf Maple Syrup Finding its Niche". The Globe and Mail.
  73. ^ "Vermont maple producers again lead the nation". WCAX. 10 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  74. ^ "Maple Syrup Production" (PDF). Maple Syrup 2013. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  75. ^ Watanabe, Toshiyuki; Aso, Kiyoshi (1962). "On the Sugar Composition of Maple Syrup". Tohoku Journal of Agricultural Research. 13 (2): 175–181.
  76. ^ Choe, Sang-Hun (5 March 2009). "In South Korea, drinks are on the maple tree". Hadong Journal. Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  77. ^ a b c d e f "Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Maple Products Regulations". Legislative Services Branch. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  78. ^ a b "Labelling Requirements for Maple Products". Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Food Safety and Consumer Protection Directorate. 14 February 2014. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  79. ^ a b c d e "Regulations Amending the Maple Products Regulations". Canada Gazette. 148 (26). 28 June 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  80. ^ "Regulations Amending the Maple Products Regulations". Canada Gazette. 148 (27). Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Government of Canada. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  81. ^ a b c d "United States Standards for Grades of Maple Syrup" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  82. ^ "Colour Classes of Maple Syrup". Government of Canada. 15 May 2018. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  83. ^ "United States Standards for Grades of Maple Syrup". International Maple Syrup Institute. 29 January 2015. Archived from the original on 1 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  84. ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions". Cornell Sugar Maple Research & Extension Program. Archived from the original on 8 February 2005. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  85. ^ McGee, Harold (2004). On food and cooking: the science and lore of the kitchen (2nd ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 668–669. ISBN 978-0-684-80001-1.
  86. ^ Thompson, Jennifer (2003). Very Maple Syrup. Celestial Arts. p. 2. ISBN 978-1587611810.
  87. ^ "Maple Syrup Grades". Fédération des producteurs acéricoles du Québec. Archived from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  88. ^ "Maple Syrup Grades". Ontario Maple Syrup Producers Association. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  89. ^ "New grading system in place for maple syrup". Mass Live. 22 March 2015. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  90. ^ "Maple Syrup Grades Vermont". Vermont Maple Syrup. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  91. ^ Ciesla 2002, p. 41.
  92. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  93. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  94. ^ van den Berg, Abby; Perkins, Timothy; Isselhardt, Mark (December 2006). "Sugar Profiles of Maple Syrup Grades" (PDF). Maple Syrup Digest: 12–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  95. ^ a b Lagacé, Luc; Camara, Mariane; Martin, Nathalie; Ali, Fadi; Houde, Jessica; Corriveau, Stéphane; Sadiki, Mustapha (1 June 2019). "Effect of the new high vacuum technology on the chemical composition of maple sap and syrup". Heliyon. 5 (6): e01786. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01786. PMC 6556809. PMID 31198865.
  96. ^ Morselli, Mariafranca; Whalen, M Lynn (1996). "Appendix 2: Maple Chemistry and Quality". In Koelling, Melvin R; Heiligmann, Randall B (eds.). North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual. Ohio State University. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  97. ^ Li, Liya; Seeram, Navindra P. (27 July 2011). "Further investigation into maple syrup yields 3 new lignans, a new phenylpropanoid, and 26 other phytochemicals". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59 (14): 7708–7716. doi:10.1021/jf2011613. ISSN 1520-5118. PMC 3140541. PMID 21675726.
  98. ^ Stuckel, Jackie G.; Low, Nicholas H. (1 April 1996). "The chemical composition of 80 pure maple syrup samples produced in North America". Food Research International. 29 (3): 373–379. doi:10.1016/0963-9969(96)00000-2. ISSN 0963-9969.
  99. ^ Liu, Yongqiang; Rose, Kenneth N.; DaSilva, Nicholas A.; Johnson, Shelby L.; Seeram, Navindra P. (31 May 2017). "Isolation, Identification, and Biological Evaluation of Phenolic Compounds from a Traditional North American Confectionery, Maple Sugar". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 65 (21): 4289–4295. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01969. ISSN 1520-5118. PMID 28494583.
  100. ^ Chartier, Francois (30 March 2012). Taste Buds and Molecules: The Art and Science of Food, Wine, and Flavor. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  101. ^ Li, Liya; Seeram, Navindra P. (2011). "Quebecol, a novel phenolic compound isolated from Canadian maple syrup". Journal of Functional Foods. 3 (2): 125. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2011.02.004.
  102. ^ Perkins, Timothy D.; van den Berg, Abby K. (2009). "Chapter 4 Maple Syrup—Production, Composition, Chemistry, and Sensory Characteristics". In Taylor, Steve L. (ed.). Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. Vol. 56. pp. 101–143. doi:10.1016/S1043-4526(08)00604-9. ISBN 9780123744395. PMID 19389608.
  103. ^ Taylor 2011, p. 133.
  104. ^ Eagleson & Hasner 2006, pp. 71, 73.
  105. ^ Eagleson & Hasner 2006, p. 74.
  106. ^ Evelyn Roehl (1996). Whole Food Facts: The Complete Reference Guide. Inner Traditions * Bear & Company. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-0-89281-635-4.
  107. ^ Dinah Bucholz (September 2010). The Unofficial Harry Potter Cookbook: From Cauldron Cakes to Knickerbocker Glory—More Than 150 Magical Recipes for Muggles and Wizards. Adams Media. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4405-0325-2.
  108. ^ Alan Davidson (1981). Oxford Symposium 1981: National & Regional Styles of Cookery. Oxford Symposium. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-907325-07-9.
  109. ^ Paula I. Figoni (October 2010). How Baking Works: Exploring the Fundamentals of Baking Science. John Wiley & Sons. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-470-39813-5.
  110. ^ Elliot 2006.
  111. ^ a b "Sweeteners and table sirups: Subpart B—Requirements for Specific Standardized Sweeteners and Table Sirups, Maple sirup". Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Food and Drug Administration. 21 September 2016. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015.
  112. ^ Calvo, Trisha (25 March 2017). "5 Things You Need to Know About Maple Syrup". Consumer Reports. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  113. ^ a b Applebaum, Yoni (1 November 2011). "Making the Grade: Why the Cheapest Maple Syrup Tastes Best". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  114. ^ a b Ingraham, Christopher (27 March 2015). "Why Americans overwhelmingly prefer fake maple syrup". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  115. ^ "Maple syrup producers: Fake flavors nothing like the real thing". Chicago Tribune. 16 February 2016. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  116. ^ "What's in a Name? What Every Consumer Should Know About Foods and Flavors". Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services. 16 September 2016. Archived from the original on 29 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  117. ^ "The maple leaf". Canadian Heritage. 17 November 2008. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
  118. ^ "State Trees & State Flowers". United States National Arboretum. 14 July 2010. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
  119. ^ "The 50 State Quarters Program Summary Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  120. ^ Gellmann, D (2001). "Pirates, Sugar, Debtors, and Slaves: Political Economy and the case for Gradual Abolition in New York". Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies. 22 (2): 51–68. doi:10.1080/714005193.
  121. ^ Driver, Elizabeth (2008). Culinary landmarks: a bibliography of Canadian cookbooks, 1825–1949. University of Toronto Press. p. 1070. ISBN 978-0-8020-4790-8.

Cited works

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maple syrup.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maple_syrup&oldid=1254693180"