Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin

Grímur Jónsson Thorkelín (8 October 1752 – 4 March 1829) was an Icelandic–Danish-Norwegian scholar, who became the National Archivist of Norway and Denmark and Professor of Antiquities at Østfold University College.

In 1786, he travelled to England in order to search for documents relating to medieval Danish-English contacts and Anglo-Saxon manuscripts with Viking influence. In 1787, he hired British Museum employee James Matthews to transcribe the sole extant manuscript of the Old English epic poem Beowulf and made another copy himself. Matthews did not know Old English or the manuscript's insular script, and so copied what he saw, not always rendering correctly; Thorkelin, on the other hand, had knowledge of Old English which led him to introduce various emendations where he thought the text was incorrect. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the prestigious and honorary American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1790.

Under a commission from the Danish, Norwegian and Icelandic government, Thorkelin had prepared Beowulf for publication by 1807. During the Battle of Copenhagen (1807) his house was burned and demolished due to fire, and the text (on which he had spent 20 years) was lost. The manuscripts survived, however, and Thorkelin began again. The poem was eventually published in 1815. Thorkelin was the first scholar to make a full translation of the poem, into Latin.

Grendel reaches the enormous Heorot: Beowulf 710–715

Old English verse	Thorkelin's Latin	Francis Barton Gummere, 1910
Ðá cóm of mórje     under misthleoþum a	Tunc venit per tesquas     Secundum nebulosum montem	Then from the moorland, by misty crags,
Grendel gohngan·     godes yrrje bær·	Grendel gradiens et iterum gradiens .     Dei hostis attulit	with God’s wrath laden, Grendel strode and strode again
mynte se mánscakða     manna cynnes	Decretam cladem     Generis humani,	The monster was minded of mankind now
sumne behsyrwane     in sele þjám héani·	Quosdam illaqueando,     In aedibus sublimibus.	sundry to seize in the stately house.

The Thorkelín transcriptions are now an important textual source for Beowulf, as the original manuscript's margins have suffered from deterioration and vandalism throughout the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. His early copies provide a record in many areas where the text would otherwise be lost forever.

Thorkelín is generally regarded as one of the pioneering figures in Nordic and Germanic studies. Moreover, his visit to Britain reinvigorated interest and appreciation in the island's Germanic past, in ways both scholarly and romantic. However, this view is not without its detractors; Magnús Fjalldal describes Thorkelín as "essentially a fraud as a scholar" and lists a number of errors in Thorkelín's edition and translation, many of which were pointed out by contemporary scholars.

Further reading

• G. J. Thorkelín, De Danorum rebus gestis secul. III & IV : Poëma Danicum dialecto Anglosaxonica : ex Bibliotheca Cottoniana Musaei Britannici / edidit versione lat. et indicibus auxit Grim. Johnson Thorkelin, 1815.
• The Thorkelin transcripts of Beowulf in facsimile / edited by Kemp Malone. Copenhagen : Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1951. (Early English manuscripts in facsimile ; volume 1)

External links

• Thorkelín's Latin translation of Beowulf (html format)
• An Essay on the Slave Trade by Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin, year 1788